11 research outputs found
Yeasts associated with the production of distilled alcoholic beverages
Distilled alcoholic beverages are produced firstly by fermenting sugars emanating from cereal starches (in the case of whiskies), sucrose-rich plants (in the case of rums), fructooligosaccharide-rich plants (in the case of tequila) or from fruits (in the case of brandies). Traditionally, such fermentations were conducted in a spontaneous fashion, relying on indigenous microbiota, including wild yeasts. In modern practices, selected strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are employed to produce high levels of ethanol together with numerous secondary metabolites (eg. higher alcohols, esters, carbonyls etc.) which greatly influence the final flavour and aroma characteristics of spirits following distillation of the fermented wash. Therefore, distillers, like winemakers, must carefully choose their yeast strain which will be very important in providing the alcohol content and the sensory profiles of spirit beverages. This Chapter discusses yeast and fermentation aspects associated with the production of selected distilled spirits and highlights similarities and differences with the production of wine
Sustainable conversion of coffee and other crop wastes to biofuels and bioproducts using coupled biochemical and thermochemical processes in a multi-stage biorefinery concept
The interaction of subsyllabic encoding and stress assignment: A new examination of an old problem in Spanish
Similarity in L2 Phonology: Evidence from L1 Spanish late-learnersâ perception and lexical representation of English vowel contrasts
Anuario del Centro de Estudios Martianos (Vol. 29 2006)
El Anuario del Centro de Estudios Martianos es la publicaciĂłn insignia de esta instituciĂłn y heredera directa del Anuario Martiano de la Biblioteca Nacional JosĂ© MartĂ, que se publicĂł entre 1969 y 1977, bajo la direcciĂłn del poeta y ensayista Cintio Vitier.<br>
Desde que saliĂł a la luz su primera entrega, en 1978, se han publicado treinta y cinco nĂșmeros, en los que aparecen artĂculos y ensayos de importantes estudiosos de la vida y obra del ApĂłstol, en Cuba y el resto del mundo.<br>
En sus secciones fijas (Otros textos de JosĂ© MartĂ, Documentos, Estudios y aproximaciones, Vigencias, Publicaciones, BibliografĂa, Constante) y los apartados especiales, los lectores pueden conocer disĂmiles temas del quehacer martiano internacional, en el año que termina ademĂĄs de mantenerse al tanto de las Ășltimas contribuciones de los promotores e investigadores de la obra martiana en el orbe
The conservation status of the worldâs reptiles
Effective and targeted conservation action requires detailed information about species, their distribution, systematics and ecology as well as the distribution of threat processes which affect them. Knowledge of reptilian diversity remains surprisingly disparate, and innovative means of gaining rapid insight into the status of reptiles are needed in order to highlight urgent conservation cases and inform environmental policy with appropriate biodiversity information in a timely manner. We present the first ever global analysis of extinction risk in reptiles, based on a random representative sample of 1500 species (16% of all currently known species). To our knowledge, our results provide the first analysis of the global conservation status and distribution patterns of reptiles and the threats affecting them, highlighting conservation priorities and knowledge gaps which need to be addressed urgently to ensure the continued survival of the worldâs reptiles. Nearly one in five reptilian species are threatened with extinction, with another one in five species classed as Data Deficient. The proportion of threatened reptile species is highest in freshwater environments, tropical regions and on oceanic islands, while data deficiency was highest in tropical areas, such as Central Africa and Southeast Asia, and among fossorial reptiles. Our results emphasise the need for research attention to be focussed on tropical areas which are experiencing the most dramatic rates of habitat loss, on fossorial reptiles for which there is a chronic lack of data, and on certain taxa such as snakes for which extinction risk may currently be underestimated due to lack of population information. Conservation actions specifically need to mitigate the effects of human-induced habitat loss and harvesting, which are the predominant threats to reptiles