El desarrollo eficiente de las habilidades gerenciales como herramienta de gestión

Las habilidades gerenciales son un conjunto de capacidades y conocimientos que una persona necesita para realizar las actividades de administración, de liderazgo y de coordinación en el rol de gerente de una determinada organización. En dichas organizaciones se proveen bienes y servicios con los cuales se satisfacen las necesidades de los individuos, estas empresas son guiadas o dirigidas por administradores, por lo cual la importancia de que un gerente posea destrezas y habilidades para dirigir a su equipo y lograr que tenga compromiso y participación en los distintos niveles de trabajo es fundamental. Es así como los gerentes deben tener la capacidad de obtener lo mejor de los trabajadores, por lo que se hace cada día más imprescindible que estén dispuestos a asumir estos desafíos, evidenciándose que a medida que el mundo de los negocios cambia, también lo hace la necesidad de determinadas habilidades gerenciales. Con lo anterior se deduce que si se está en constante actualización y mejora de las habilidades directivas, se logra tener un manejo adecuado de las competencias básicas y esenciales en lo que respecta a la labor en el interior de las organizaciones. A través de este ensayo de identifican y desarrollan las principales habilidades que un gerente debe poseer. Para su mejor comprensión está dividido en dos capítulos, el primero donde se determinan las habilidades gerenciales requeridas por un gerente y el segundo explica la importancia de la aplicación de las mismas en una organizació

Fine-scale genetic breaks driven by historical rangedynamics and ongoing density-barrier effects in theestuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides L.

Factors promoting the emergence of sharp phylogeographic breaks include restricted dispersal, habitat discontinuity, physical barriers, disruptive selection, mating incompatibility, genetic surfing and secondary contact. Disentangling the role of each in any particular system can be difficult, especially when species are evenly distributed across transition zones and dispersal barriers are not evident. The estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides provides a good example of highly differentiated populations along its most persistent distributional range at the present rear edge of the species distribution, in NW Iberia. Intrinsic dispersal restrictions are obvious in this species, but have not prevented F. ceranoides from vastly expanding its range northwards following the last glaciation, implying that additional factors are responsible for the lack of connectivity between neighbouring southern populations. In this study we analyze 22 consecutive populations of F. ceranoides along NW Iberia to investigate the processes generating and maintaining the observed high levels of regional genetic divergence. Results Variation at seven microsatellite loci and at mtDNA spacer sequences was concordant in revealing that Iberian F. ceranoides is composed of three divergent genetic clusters displaying nearly disjunct geographical distributions. Structure and AFC analyses detected two populations with an admixed nuclear background. Haplotypic diversity was high in the W sector and very low in the N sector. Within each genetic cluster, population structure was also pervasive, although shallower. Conclusions The deep divergence between sectors coupled with the lack of support for a role of oceanographic barriers in defining the location of breaks suggested 1) that the parapatric genetic sectors result from the regional reassembly of formerly vicariant sub-populations, and 2) that the genetic discontinuities at secondary contact zones (and elsewhere) are maintained despite normal migration rates. We conclude that colonization and immigration, as sources of gene-flow, have very different genetic effects. Migration between established populations is effectively too low to prevent their differentiation by drift or to smooth historical differences inherited from the colonization process. F. ceranoides, but possibly low-dispersal species in general, appear to be unified to a large extent by historical, non-equilibrium processes of extinction and colonization, rather than by contemporary patterns of gene flow.Peer Reviewe

Multi-scale drivers of community diversity and composition across tidal heights: an example on temperate seaweed communities

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Lack of fine-scale genetic structure and distant mating in natural populations of Fucus vesiculosus

Fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) within populations reflects the dispersal behaviour of genes and individuals. Here we studied very small-scale SGS and mating patterns in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus, a dioecious marine broadcast spawner with immediate settlement upon gamete release, which is predicted to strongly restrict gene flow. We estimated SGS, inbreeding and kinship for adults and recruits from habitats with contrasting exposures and patchiness (open coast and estuarine ecosystems) using microsatellite loci. Heterozygote deficiency was found for most adult populations but it was even higher for recruits, indicating inbreeding depression. At the fine spatial resolution of this study there was no spatial genetic structuring for 3 of the 5 populations studied across different habitats. Habitat could not explain the unrestricted gene flow in some populations. In the kinship analyses, we identified more putative mothers than fathers, suggesting that male gamete dispersal mediates gene flow at broader distances. However, the vast majority of the parents of the recruits could not be found among the adults sampled nearby, indicating unrestricted gene flow at these small scales. We propose 3 nonexclusive hypotheses for our findings: (1) unrestricted gene flow, (2) inbreeding depression eliminating most inbred individuals resulting from nearby related parents, (3) temporal Wahlund effects, mediated by a hypothetic genetic pool of a bank of microscopic forms persisting from previous generations

Response of kelps from different latitudes to consecutive heat shock

Although extensive work has focused on kelp responses to constant temperature, little is known about their response to the consecutive temperature shocks they are often exposed to in the shallow subtidal and intertidal pools. Here we characterized the responses of the two southernmost forest-forming kelp species in the Northeast Atlantic, Laminaria ochroleuca De La Pylaie and Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightf.) Batt. to multiple cycles of thermal stress. Individuals from the upper vertical limit of the geographical distribution edges where the two species co-occur forming forests, France and Portugal, were exposed to 4 consecutive cycles of thermal shock simulating a spring tide. A 24 h cycle consisted of culture at 15 degrees C, plus 1 h heat shock at one of five levels (20, 22.5, 25, 27.5 or 30 degrees C). The maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem 2 (PS2) was used to detect impaired reaction center function, as a proxy for individual fitness costs, during recovery from heat shock. Both species showed resilience to temperatures from 20 to 25 degrees C. While exposure to 27.5 degrees C caused no inhibition to Fv/Fm of S. polyschides, a threshold was met above this temperature and exposure to 30 degrees C caused the death of all individuals. In contrast, L ochroleuca from France was damaged but able to survive 30 degrees C shocks and individuals from Portugal showed complete resilience to this treatment. In both species, blade elongation decreased with increasing temperature, with necrosis surpassing growth at higher temperatures. Resilience to high temperature exposure may confer an advantage to L ochroleuca to colonize intertidal pools on the Portuguese coast, in agreement with the observation that both species recruit in tide pools but only L ochroleuca reach adulthood. Our results indicate that as summer temperatures increase with climate change, the disappearance of S. polyschides from intertidal pools and a decrease in the density of L ochroleuca can be expected. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.ASSEMBLE (ASSociation of European Marine Biological Laboratories) [227799]; Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (FCT); FCT [PTDC/AAC-CLI/109108/2008, EXCL/AAG-GLO/0661/2012]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Waterborne Signaling Primes the Expression of Elicitor-Induced Genes and Buffers the Oxidative Responses in the Brown Alga Laminaria digitata

As marine sessile organisms, seaweeds must respond efficiently to biotic and abiotic challenges in their natural environment to reduce the fitness consequences of wounds and oxidative stress. This study explores the early steps of the defense responses of a large marine brown alga (the tangle kelp Laminaria digitata) and investigates its ability to transmit a warning message to neighboring conspecifics. We compared the early responses to elicitation with oligoguluronates in laboratory-grown and harvested wild individuals of L. digitata. We followed the release of H2O2 and the concomitant production of volatile organic compounds. We also monitored the kinetics of expression of defense-related genes following the oxidative burst. Laboratory-grown algae were transplanted in kelp habitats to further evaluate their responses to elicitation after a transient immersion in natural seawater. In addition, a novel conditioning procedure was established to mimic field conditions in the laboratory. Our experiments showed that L. digitata integrates waterborne cues present in the kelp bed and/or released from elicited neighboring plants. Indeed, the exposure to elicited conspecifics changes the patterns of oxidative burst and volatile emissions and potentiates this kelp for faster induction of genes specifically regulated in response to oligoguluronates. Thus, waterborne signals shape the elicitor-induced responses of kelps through a yet unknown mechanism reminiscent of priming in land plants

Congruence between fine-scale genetic breaks and dispersal potential in an estuarine seaweed across multiple transition zones

Genetic structure in biogeographical transition zones can be shaped by several factors including limited dispersal across barriers, admixture following secondary contact, differential selection, and mating incompatibility. A striking example is found in Northwest France and Northwest Spain, where the estuarine seaweed Fucus ceranoides L. exhibits sharp, regional genetic clustering. This pattern has been related to historical population fragmentation and divergence into distinct glacial refugia, followed by post-glacial expansion and secondary contact. The contemporary persistence of sharp ancient genetic breaks between nearby estuaries has been attributed to prior colonization effects (density barriers) but the effect of oceanographic barriers has not been tested. Here, through a combination of mesoscale sampling (15 consecutive populations) and population genetic data (mtIGS) in NW France, we define regional genetic disjunctions similar to those described in NW Iberia. Most importantly, using high resolution dispersal simulations for Brittany and Iberian populations, we provide evidence for a central role of contemporary hydrodynamics in maintaining genetic breaks across these two major biogeographic transition zones. Our findings further show the importance of a comprehensive understanding of oceanographic regimes in hydrodynamically complex coastal regions to explain the maintenance of sharp genetic breaks along continuously populated coastlines.Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT-MEC, Portugal) [DL57/2016/CP1361/CT0035]National Research Foundation of South AfricaNational Research Foundation - South Africa [64801]FCTPortuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyEuropean Commission [SFRH/BPD/88935/2012, SFRH/BPD/111003/2015]Pew Marine Fellowship (USA) [SFRH/BPD/111003/2015][BIODIVERSA/004/2015][IF/01413/2014/CP1217/CT0004][UID/Multi/04326/2019]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Local differentiation in heat response of Laminaria digitata at the range edges

In recent years, kelp populations worldwide have faced decline and extirpation at their equatorward limits, while models predict a poleward shift of kelp ecosystems during climate change. To gain an understanding of local thermal adaptation and response plasticity in a forest-forming kelp species, we assessed populations of Laminaria digitata along its entire European distribution range for their capacity to withstand high temperature stress, and analysed population structure and diversity with microsatellite markers (n=12). We sampled wild meristematic L. digitata material (n=30) at six locations ranging from Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen, to the southernmost distribution limit in Quiberon, France. In a heatwave experiment, we subjected samples from all locations to the same, sublethal temperature treatments (15–23°C for eight days including acclimation) and assessed growth, storage compounds, photosynthetic efficiency and pigment contents as response traits. Recovery was assessed following seven days at 15°C. Microsatellite genotyping revealed all sampled populations to be genetically distinct entities, underlying strong regional structuring between southern and northern clades. Genetic diversity was highest at the southern distribution limit in Quiberon and lowest in the geographically isolated population on the island of Helgoland in the North Sea. The physiological response of L. digitata to temperature was similar over the entire distribution range and did not reflect the mean temperature gradient along the latitudinal gradient. However, material from Spitsbergen and Helgoland presented subtle differentiations in their temperature responses, which reflect long-term local temperature histories at these sites. Finally, a heatwave reaching 23°C for five days led to a cessation of growth, from which none of the sampled populations recovered. Our results suggest that the heat stress response of L. digitata is generally stable across its distribution range, despite strong genetic structuring of the populations. Slight local differentiation occurred in populations from the most distinct thermal environments, but 23°C posed a growth limit for all populations. This implies that local adaptation in trailing edge populations of L. digitata might not alleviate detrimental effects of global warming