Juvenile Justice System in Palestine: Current Situation and Reform Prospects

The Palestinian Authority is under obligation to observe international human rights standards relating to children in conflict with the law. However, the authority has done little to improve the juvenile justice system. Children are treated in accordance with rules that have been drafted to suit past generations. The system lacks resources, trained police, prosecutors, judges, and probation officers. Yet the environment to reform the system is enabling. There are foundations to set up modern alternatives to imprisonment, including community service, alternative families, and restorative justice. The main problem in Palestine is not the law, though important, but rather the allocation of resources and adoption of reform policies. Nothing in the law precludes the Ministry of Social Affairs opening new juvenile rehabilitation centres or to give more powers to probation officers. Nothing prevents the High Judicial Council setting up a specialised juvenile judiciary. The Attorney General can establish juvenile prosecution. The police could open specialised juvenile unites. Civil society organisations are able to provide legal aid and conduct training courses on restorative justice and on socio-psychological issues. Most reform steps can be taken on a functional basis through executive instructions from relevant official bodie

Solving the latency problem in real-time GNSS precise point positioning using open source software

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geospatial TechnologiesReal-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) can provide the Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS) users with the ability to determine their position accurately using only one GNSS receiver. The PPP solution does not rely on a base receiver or local GNSS network. However, for establishing a real-time PPP solution, the GNSS users are required to receive the Real-Time Service (RTS) message over the Network Transported of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP). The RTS message includes orbital, code biases, and clock corrections. The GNSS users receive those corrections produced by the analysis center with some latency, which degraded the quality of coordinates obtained through PPP. In this research, we investigate the Support Vector Machine (SVR) and RandomForest (RF) as machine learning tools to overcome the latency for clock corrections in the CLK11 and IGS03 products. A BREST International GNSS Services permanent station in France selected as a case study. BNC software implemented in real-time PPP for around three days. Our results showed that the RF method could solve the latency problem for both IGS03 and CLK11. While SVR performed better on the IGS03 than CLK11; thus, it did not solve the latency on CLK11. This research contributes to establishing a simulation of real-time GNSS user who can store and predict clock corrections accordingly to their current observed latency. The self-assessment of the reproducibility level of this study has a rank one out of the range scale from zero to three according to the criteria and classifications are done by (Nüst et al., 2018)

Genèse de la citoyenneté en Palestine et en Israël

Introduction Cet article aborde la question du statut des résidents du territoire aujourd’hui appelé Palestine, (inclus dans l’Empire ottoman à partir de 1516) durant la période comprise entre le début de l’occupation anglaise le 9 décembre 1917 et la mise en application de l’Ordonnance sur la citoyenneté palestinienne le 1er août 1925, en matière de droit international. Sous la domination turque, conformément à la Loi sur la nationalité ottomane du 19 janvier 1869, les habitants de la Pales..

Metodología para el establecimiento de un sistema de alerta temprana GNSS para la monitorización de deformaciones en tiempo real

[EN] Early Warning System (EWS) for monitoring megastructures deformation, natural hazards, earthquakes, and landslides can prevent economic and life losses. Nowadays, Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (RT-PPP) plays a vital role in this domain since it relies on precise real-time measurements derived from a single receiver, provides real-time monitoring and global coverage. Nevertheless, RT-PPP measurements and methodology is very sensitive to outliers in products, latencies and changes in the constellation geometry. Consequently, there are long initialization periods, losses of convergence and different noise sources, with a high impact on the warning system's availability or even led out to initiate false warnings. This study presents the first experiment to propose a methodology that can help the decision-makers confirm the warning based on the probability of the detected movement by using machine learning classification models. For this, in the first experiment, a laser engraving machine device was modified to simulate deformations. A control unit will be designed based on open-source software, Python libraries are implemented, and the G programming language used to control the device motions. All this research will be the background on which the early warning service will be developed.[ES] Los sistemas de alerta temprana para la monitorización de deformaciones de estructuras, terremotos, movimientos de ladera u otro riego natural pueden prevenir pérdidas económicas y de vidas. El Posicionamiento Preciso de Punto en tiempo real (RT-PPP) ha demostrado ser útil en este escenario ya que se basa en medidas de precisión a partir de un único receptor, proporcionando cobertura global en tiempo real. A pesar de esto, la técnica RT-PPP es muy sensible a la precisión de los productos usados, latencia y cambios en la geometría de la constelación. Así, los periodos largos de inicialización de la técnica, la pérdida de convergencia de la solución o las diferentes fuentes de ruido, generan un gran impacto en la disponibilidad de un sistema de alerta temprana, pudiendo incluso generar falsas alarmas. Este trabajo presenta los primeros experimentos para generar un sistema de confirmación sobre una alerta temprana a partir de la probabilidad de detectar movimiento usado modelos de clasificación basados en técnicas de aprendizaje automático. Para esto, en un primer experimento, una máquina de grabado láser ha sido modificada para simular deformaciones. Se ha desarrollado una unidad de control basada en software libre, librerías de Python y el lenguaje de programación G que sirve para controlar los movimientos de la máquina. Este trabajo será la base sobre la que desarrollar, en un futuro, un servicio de alerta temprana.Qafisheh, M.; Martin, A.; Capilla, R. (2021). Proposed methodology for establishing an early GNSS warning system for real-time deformation monitoring. En Proceedings 3rd Congress in Geomatics Engineering. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 54-60. https://doi.org/10.4995/CiGeo2021.2021.12691OCS546

Genesis of Citizenship in Palestine and Israel

Introduction This paper addresses the status of the inhabitants of the territory that has become known as ‘Palestine’ and that had been part of the Ottoman Empire since 1516, during the period starting from the beginning of the British occupation on 9 December 1917 until the enforcement of the Palestinian Citizenship Order on 1 August 1925, from the perspective of international law. Under the Turkish rule, according to the Ottoman Nationality Law of 19 January 1869, Palestine’s inhabitants we..

The coexistence of diverse legal traditions in a single territory : the case of freedom of expression in Palestine

This paper examines the coexistence among the three legal traditions in Palestine (continental law, common law and Islamic law) by revising various legislative pieces relating to the freedom of expression and comparing such instruments with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The paper proposes certain measures to reform the existing systems, taking into account the assumption that Palestine would be interested to become party to the Covenant as it declared in its 2003 Amended Basic Law (constitution), particularly in the light of Palestine's recent attempts to acquire full membership of the United Nations. Using comparative and inductive approach, the paper adopts a wider definition of the freedom of expression that comprises five components: privacy, freedom of religion, freedom of opinion, right to peaceful assembly, and freedom of association.peer-reviewe

Support Vector Regression Machine Learning Tool to Predict GNSS Clock Corrections in Real-Time PPP Technique

[EN] Real-time Precise Point Positioning (PPP) can provide the Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS) users with the ability to determine their position accurately using only one GNSS receiver. The PPP solution does not rely on a base receiver or local GNSS network. However, for establishing a real-time PPP solution, the GNSS users are required to receive the Real-Time Service (RTS) message over the Network Transported of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP). The RTS message includes orbital, code biases, and clock corrections. GNSS users receive those corrections produced by the analysis center with some latency, which degraded the quality of coordinates obtained through realtime PPP. In this research, we investigate the Support Vector Machine (SVR) machine learning tool to overcome the latency for clock corrections in the IGS03 product. Three days of continuous GNSS observations at BREST permanent station in France were selected as a case study. BNC software was used to generate clock corrections files. Taking as reference the clock correction values without latency. The SVR solution shows a reduction in the standard deviation and range with about 30% and 20%, respectively, in comparison to the latency solution for all satellites except those satellites in GLONASS M block.Qafisheh, MWA.; Martín Furones, ÁE.; Torres-Sospedra, J. (2020). Support Vector Regression Machine Learning Tool to Predict GNSS Clock Corrections in Real-Time PPP Technique. CEUR Workshop Proceedings. 1-8. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/178545S1

THE STATE OF EMERGENCY IN PALESTINE IN LIGHT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

Article 48 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights opens the door for singeing the Covenant by, inter alia, any member State in any of the United Nations specialized agencies. After the membership of Palestine, as a State, in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization on 31 October 2011, the possibility for Palestine of becoming party to the Covenant is now open. In order to be party to the Covenant, Palestine needs to be prepared. It should launch a process of reforming existing legislation in line with international human rights law, starting with the said Covenant. This paper offers an example of the required legislative reform by focusing on Article 4 of the Covenant and analyzing it in comparison with the state of emergency provisions of the 2003 Palestinian Basic La