Uso de la diversidad vegetal por Atta cephalotes L. 1758 en San Rafael Piña, municipio de Zentla, Veracruz, México

Ants have an important role in the tropical rainy forest because they are prominent herbivores in many Neotropical communities. However, in many cases, as with Atta cephalotes L. 1758, the ant-plant relationships have not been enough studied. In this paper, plants used by A. cephalotes in 16 ant colonies at two localities in the Zentla municipality, in Veracruz, Mexico have been surveyed. It was found that the number of plant species used by ant colonies is related to the place diversity and that ants are selective and focus on the colony self-organization.Las hormigas ocupan un lugar importante en los ecosistemas de los bosques lluviosos tropicales y son herbívoros que se destacan en muchas comunidades neotropicales. Sin embargo, en muchos casos, como es el de Atta cephalotes L. 1758, la relación hormiga-planta ha sido poco estudiada. En este trabajo se determinaron las especies vegetales utilizadas por 16 colonias de A. cephalotes localizadas en tres localidades del municipio de Zentla, Veracruz, México. Aunque el número de especies vegetales utilizadas por colonia está relacionado con la diversidad del lugar, las hormigas son selectivas y atienden a necesidades de organización interna de sus nidos

Physiological development of red anthurium (Anthurium andreanum Linden) var. Tropical in three in vitro culture systems

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the physiological development of Anthurium andreanum L. var. Tropical red color in three in vitro culture systems: semi-solid, partial immersion and RITA® bioreactor Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized design was used with three treatments: semi-solid medium, partial immersion and RITA® bioreactor, with four repetitions each. Vitroplants of anthurium were selected with a size of 0.5 cm from the stem to the highest leaf, with three leaves each specimen. After 60 days of sowing, morphometric analyzes, chlorophyll content and hormone content were carried out. An analysis of variance and comparison tests of means were performed on the data obtained by Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey, respectively, using the statistical software R-STUDIO. Results: The highest shoot rate and root length was obtained in partial immersion; however, the number of leaves, shoots and root multiplication did not show differences with the RITA® bioreactors. The highest concentration of chlorophyll and indole acetic acid was observed when using RITA® bioreactors. Study limitations / implications: The results are favorable for the in vitro production of anthurium, however for commercial production the use of RITA® bioreactors is a high cost in the initial investment. Findings / conclusions: with the results obtained, it is considered that the RITA bioreactors obtained the best results for the production of anthurium, followed by the partial immersion system. Due to the liquid medium and better gas exchange, which favors the development of plants Keywords: Anthurium andreanum L.; chlorophyll; phytohormones; immersion systemsObjective: To evaluate the physiological development of red Anthurium andreanum L. var. Tropical in three in vitro culture systems: semi-solid, partial immersion and RITA® bioreactor. Design / methodology / approach: A completely randomized design with three treatments, semi-solid medium, partial immersion and RITA® bioreactor, and four repetitions each was used. Vitroplants of anthurium were selected with a size of 0.5 cm from the stem to the highest leaf, with three leaves in each specimen. Morphometric, chlorophyll content and hormone content analyses were carried out after 60 days of sowing. Analysis of variance and means comparison tests were performed on the data obtained through Kruskal-Wallis and Tukey, respectively, using the statistical software R-STUDIO. Results: The highest shoot rate and root length were obtained in partial immersion; however, the number of leaves, shoots and root multiplication did not show differences with the RITA® bioreactors. The highest concentration of chlorophylls and indole acetic acid was observed when using RITA® bioreactors. Study limitations / implications: The results are favorable for the in vitro production of anthurium, although the use of RITA® bioreactors for commercial production is a high cost in the initial investment. Findings / conclusions: With the results obtained, it is considered that the RITA® bioreactors obtained the best results for the production of anthurium, followed by the partial immersion system. This is due to the liquid medium and better gas exchange, which favors the development of plant

Effect of open field crop management on the floral development of gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)

ABSTRACT Objective: Analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/methodology/approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify of highly significant differences (P ? 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics; thus, classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/conclusions: Cultivation management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics.Objective: To analyze the effect of open field crop management on gardenia flower development Design/Methodology/Approach: A randomized block design was used with a factorial arrangement of two factors conformed by field management (four levels: M1 = old plant in natural shade; M2 and M3 = old plant in full sun and M4 = mature plant in full sun) and the floral stages (eight levels: tender, lemony, striped, white, star, caracolled, open and yellow). Eight morphological descriptors were measured: flower weight, perianth length, perianth diameter, calyx length, calyx diameter, corolla width, number of sepals, and length of sepals. Results: The analysis of variance allowed to identify highly significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the variables weight, perianth length, calyx length and diameter, number of sepals, and length of sepals for the management-stage interaction. In handling M1 and M2, the caracolled flower reached a weight greater than 2.94 ± 0.08 g with a perianth diameter of 60.66 ± 1.23 mm. The open flower presented the largest corolla width of 37.39 ± 1.07 mm. The white button cataloged from the commercial point of view in the category of buttons, according to weight, perianth diameter, and width of the corolla, presented flower characteristics, thus classifying the floral development in three stages for buttons and five for flowers. Findings/Conclusions: Crop management with natural shade increases the size of the flowers in terms of weight, perianth diameter, and corolla width. These descriptors can be used as quality criteria when selecting the flower. In addition, the open and caracolled flower can contain the largest reserve of volatile components and, as they are not commercial qualities, it could be used in the extraction of compounds to produce cosmetics

ECOLOGICAL NICHE OF SEMIDOMESTICATED POPULATIONS OF Capsicum pubescens RUIZ & PAV. BASED ON ACCESSIONS FROM VERACRUZ, MEXICO

Para cultivar una especie silvestre es necesario modificar el esquema genético resultante de los procesos de selección natural a uno adaptado a las condiciones manejadas por el hombre, e implica detectar áreas geográficas similares a aquellas donde se originó la especie. En este estudio se analiza un modelo de áreas geográficas potenciales para la adaptación de Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav. con el objetivo de detectar las condiciones de nicho ecológico apropiado, determinar zonas potenciales en México y describir las relaciones entre el medio ambiente y las características morfológicas del fruto. Se utilizó el algoritmo reciente de máxima entropía (MaxEnt) para modelar el nicho de C. pubescens dentro de una región de importancia en el centro de Veracruz, México. Se utilizó un total de 44 sitios de presencia y cuatro variables bioclimáticas para detectar nichos adecuados para la especie; así mismo, se realizó un análisis de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) combinando los sitios de presencia, variables bioclimáticas y características morfológicas del fruto. Se construyó un mapa final de idoneidad identificando las áreas adecuadas para el crecimiento de C. pubescens. Las contribuciones de las variables predictoras al modelo fueron preipitación anual (Bio12) 43.9 %, capa de potasio (K) 23 %, altitud (DEM) 22.3 % y temperatura media anual (Bio1) 10.7 %, con valor del área bajo la curva de 99.7 %. Los mínimos cuadrados parciales corroboraron la importancia de las covariables, que intervienen en la expresión de características morfológicas del fruto, ayudando a entender mejor las relaciones entre especies y el medio ambiente. Áreas aún no exploradas arrojaron probabilidades de ocurrencia mayores a 90 %, principalmente en las zonas montañosas de Chihuahua, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León y la Sierra de Santa Martha al sur del estado de Veracruz. Se identificó un grupo de accesiones sobresalientes que podrían servir como base para iniciar un programa de mejoramiento genético en esta especie

Varietal description of two genotypes of manzano chili pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.)

Objective: the objective of this research work was to obtain the varietal description of two varieties of chile manzano in Las Montañas in the center of Veracruz, México. Design/methodology/approach: the varietal characterization module was established under greenhouse conditions at the Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Agropecuario No. 99 in the municipality of Coscomatepec de Bravo. The recorded descriptors were in accordance with the International of Plant Genetic Resources Institute for Capsicum and the Graphic Handbook for Variety Description of manzano hot pepper. The plants were characterized from the seedling to the adult plant. The agronomic management of the crop was carried out in accordance with the manual for the production of manzano hot pepper in Las Montañas of the state of Veracruz. Results: all qualitative descriptors were constant for the two varieties MEXUVNE1-15-C2 and MEXUVCU1-16-C2 from seedling to fruiting; in contrast, there were dissimilarities in plant height, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed dimensions. Limitations of the study/implications: the pandemic caused by COVID-19 was the main limitation so that some descriptors were not recorded in a timely manner as indicated in the Graphic Handbook. Findings/conclusions: both varieties are very similar; however, the greatest distinction was in the quantitative type descriptors such as: plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter and number of seeds.Objective: The objective of this research study was to obtain the varietal description of two varieties of manzano chili pepper in Las Montañas region, in central Veracruz, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The varietal characterization module was established under greenhouse conditions. The markers recorded were in accordance with the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute for Capsicum and the Graphic Handbook for Variety Description of manzano chili pepper. The plants were characterized from seedling in greenhouse to adult plant. The agronomic management of the crop was carried out in accordance with the manual for the production of manzano chili pepper in Las Montañas, state of Veracruz. Results: All qualitative markers were constant for the two varieties, MEXUVNE1-15-C2 and MEXUVCU1-16-C2, from seedling to fruit setting. In contrast, there were dissimilarities in plant height, and stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed dimensions. Study limitations/implications: The pandemic caused by COVID-19 was the main limitation, resulting in some markers not being recorded in a timely manner as indicated in the Graphic Handbook. Findings/conclusions: Both varieties are very similar; however, the greatest distinction was in the quantitative markers, such as: plant height, fruit length, fruit diameter and number of seeds

Valores culturales, socioeconómicos, simbólicos e históricos y prospectiva tecnológica de la gardenia en Fortín de las Flores, Veracruz, México

El goal of this paper is to determine cultural, historical, social, religious and commercial links of the gardenia with the identity of the region of Fortin de las Flores, Veracruz; introduced as agribusiness in the 19th century, through a descriptive study with qualitative methodological framework and interpretative approach, using the technique of case study, interviews and snowball, due to the absence of publications and reliable crop data. The results establish that by several factors, primarily changes in land use to other crops, the closure of the passenger railway station at Fortin and the creation of the Mexico-Veracruz highway and other impacted that the traveler no longer stop in this region as buyer tourist of gardenias.  Se busca determinar vínculos culturales, históricos, sociales, religiosos y comerciales de la gardenia con la identidad  de la  región de Fortín de las Flores, la cual fue introducida como agronegocio en el siglo XIX, mediante un estudio descriptivo con enfoque metodológico cualitativo y de carácter interpretativo utilizando la técnica de estudio de caso, entrevistas y bola de nieve debido a la ausencia de publicaciones y datos confiables del cultivo. Los resultados estiman que diversos factores, primordialmente cambio de uso del suelo hacia plantaciones comerciales, cierre del ferrocarril de pasajeros con escala en Fortín y la creación de la autopista México-Veracruz, incidieron para que el viajero ya no se detuviera en esta región como turista y comprador de gardenias.

Valores culturales, socioeconómicos, simbólicos e históricos y prospectiva tecnológica de la gardenia en Fortín de las Flores, Veracruz, México

El goal of this paper is to determine cultural, historical, social, religious and commercial links of the gardenia with the identity of the region of Fortin de las Flores, Veracruz; introduced as agribusiness in the 19th century, through a descriptive study with qualitative methodological framework and interpretative approach, using the technique of case study, interviews and snowball, due to the absence of publications and reliable crop data. The results establish that by several factors, primarily changes in land use to other crops, the closure of the passenger railway station at Fortin and the creation of the Mexico-Veracruz highway and other impacted that the traveler no longer stop in this region as buyer tourist of gardenias.  Se busca determinar vínculos culturales, históricos, sociales, religiosos y comerciales de la gardenia con la identidad  de la  región de Fortín de las Flores, la cual fue introducida como agronegocio en el siglo XIX, mediante un estudio descriptivo con enfoque metodológico cualitativo y de carácter interpretativo utilizando la técnica de estudio de caso, entrevistas y bola de nieve debido a la ausencia de publicaciones y datos confiables del cultivo. Los resultados estiman que diversos factores, primordialmente cambio de uso del suelo hacia plantaciones comerciales, cierre del ferrocarril de pasajeros con escala en Fortín y la creación de la autopista México-Veracruz, incidieron para que el viajero ya no se detuviera en esta región como turista y comprador de gardenias. &nbsp

Biodiversidad antropoentomofágica de la región de Zongolica, Veracruz, México

Durante dos años y medio (2003-2005) se rastrearon a los insectos que se ingieren en el área de Zongolica, Veracruz: para ello se entrevistó a la gente de ese municipio (200), para conocer cuáles especies ingerían. El total de especies registradas, ascendió a 57 distribuidas en los órdenes Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera, correspondiendo el mayor consumo al primer orden. De las especies registradas, 24 son nuevos registros de insectos comestibles para México. Estos se consumen tanto en estado inmaduro como en estado adulto y generalmente se ingieren asados. Hay una secuenciación estacional en el consumo de las diferentes especies y algunas de ellas (las cucarachas, la cuetla, la cuecla, los chapulines, los toritos, etc.) se comercializan en los tianguis (puestos de venta callejeros informales que se realizan un día a la semana en diversos lugares del país) o en el día de mercado en Zongolica. Existe el "protococultivo" de tres especies: una cucaracha (Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius) y dos mariposas (Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée y Arsenura armida armida Cramer). La antropoentomofagía es un hábito ancestral en Zongolica.Anthropoentomophagic biodiversity of the Zongolica region, Veracruz, Mexico. During two and a half years (2003-2005) we recorded the insect species used as food at Zongolica, Veracruz State, Mexico. Interviews were made among people (200) of this municipality to know which insects they consumed. The total of registered species was 57 (Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera). The Orthoptera was the most frequently ingested. Twenty-four of these species were new records for edible insects of Mexico. They are eaten in immature stages or as adults, generally only roasted. Consumption is seasonal. Some species are commercialized in the "tianguis" (little town markets) and/or in the larger Zongolica market. There is a "protoculture" of three species, one cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius) and two moths (Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée and Arsenura armida armida Cramer). In Zongolica, anthropoentomophagy is an ancestral habit. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (1): 303-316. Epub 2008 March 3

Biodiversidad antropoentomofágica de la región de Zongolica, Veracruz, México

Durante dos años y medio (2003-2005) se rastrearon a los insectos que se ingieren en el área de Zongolica, Veracruz: para ello se entrevistó a la gente de ese municipio (200), para conocer cuáles especies ingerían. El total de especies registradas, ascendió a 57 distribuidas en los órdenes Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera e Hymenoptera, correspondiendo el mayor consumo al primer orden. De las especies registradas, 24 son nuevos registros de insectos comestibles para México. Estos se consumen tanto en estado inmaduro como en estado adulto y generalmente se ingieren asados. Hay una secuenciación estacional en el consumo de las diferentes especies y algunas de ellas (las cucarachas, la cuetla, la cuecla, los chapulines, los toritos, etc.) se comercializan en los tianguis (puestos de venta callejeros informales que se realizan un día a la semana en diversos lugares del país) o en el día de mercado en Zongolica. Existe el "protococultivo" de tres especies: una cucaracha (Periplaneta australasiae Fabricius) y dos mariposas (Latebraria amphipyroides Guenée y Arsenura armida armida Cramer). La antropoentomofagía es un hábito ancestral en Zongolica

Use of the larvae of Arsenura armida armida (Cramer, 1779) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), “cuecla” in Ixcohuapa, Veracruz, México

Se identificó la larva comestible de Arsenura armida armida en la zona de Zongolica, localidad de Ixcohuapa, Veracruz, México. Entrevistas a los pobladores de la localidad, permitieron conocer aspectos culturales sobre el aprovechamiento y uso de la larva de este insecto. Esta larva se presenta durante el inicio de la época de lluvias, y se recolecta a mano, para su consumo a mediados de julio. La larva se prepara frita o hervida en agua. Se describe el proceso de recolecta, la preparación para su cocimiento y su consumo. Las larvas constituyen una fuente alternativa de proteína animal para los pobladores locales y su cuidado propicia la conservación de la diversidad entomológica y de las especies arbóreas que las hospedan.Human consumption of Arsenura armida armada larvae, was described for the community of Ixcohuapa, in the Zongolica area in Veracruz, Mexico. Cultural exploitation of this resource was studied in close contact with inhabitants of the area. Larvae appear at the beginning of the rainy season, and they are collected by hand for consumption in middle July. Larvae collection, preparation for cooking and consumption are described herein. Arsenura armada larvae constitute and alternative source of animal protein for local inhabitants and its protection is propitious for entomological diversity and tree species where the larvae develop conservation