COMPOSIÇÃO CENTESIMAL E QUANTIFICAÇÃO B CAROTENO DE BISCOITOS ENRIQUECIDOS COM POLPA DE BURITI (Mauritia flexuosa L.) E FARINHA DE LINHAÇA MARROM (Linum usitatissimum L)

A polpa do buriti é uma fonte de precursores de vitamina A, especialmente o β-caroteno. A linhaça marrom possui propriedades funcionais importantes, especialmente devido a presença de fibras e ômega 3. Ambos atuam no organismo fornecendo nutrientes, além de auxiliarem no combate a patologias diversas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a composição centesimal de biscoitos acrescidos com 30% de polpa de buriti e enriquecidos com 10% de farinha de linhaça marrom e quantificação de β-caroteno e sua conversão a vitamina A. Analisaram-se cinzas, proteínas, carboidratos, lipídios, fibras, umidade e valor calórico. As análises de composição centesimal demonstram que formulação contém 68,6% teores de carboidratos, 1,37% cinzas, 13,2% de lipídios, umidade de 9,48%, proteínas com 7,33%, fibra alimentar 4,3g/100g e valor calórico de 422,6 kcal/100g, β-caroteno 23,150 mg/100g, e 1929,16 RAE/100g (equivalente de atividade de retinol). A formulação atende todos os padrões da legislação em relação a sua composição. Os biscoitos se apresentam como um alimento fonte de fibra alimentar e vitamina A, capaz de suprir 100% das recomendações diárias desta vitamina em todas faixas etárias

CARACTERÍSTICAS AGRONÔMICAS DE VARIEDADES DE Opuntia cochenillifera E Nopalea cochenillifera SOB DIFERENTES DENSIDADES DE PLANTIO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of planting density of two varieties of forage palm of the genus Nopalea and Opuntia on the morphological and productive characteristics. The experiment was established in a randomized block design with three replications in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. composed of two planting densities: 40.000 and 20.000 ha-1 plants and two forage cactu varieties: Palmepa-PB01 and Palmepa-PB04 (Nopalea cochinilifera and Opuntia ficus indica, respectively), the Palmepa-PB01 variety presented mean values ​​of 62.33 and 71.33 cm for height and plant width, respectively, presenting values ​​33 and 32% higher than the Palmepa-PB04, The area index of the cladodes was higher for the density of 40.000 ha-1 plants, with 2.01 m² m-², presenting a value of 54.22% in relation to the density of 20,000 ha-1 plants, which presented 0.92 m² m -², The planting density of 20.000 ha-1 plants was 19% higher relative to the density of 40.000 ha-1 plants, The Palmepa-PB01 variety was 18.18% higher than the Palmepa-PB04 variety with a yield of 40.70 tons ha-1, The Palmepa-PB01 variety is more productive than Palmepa-PB04 recommending its planting at the lowest planting density.Um bom manejo da palma forrageira é de suma importância para o desenvolvimento satisfatório e obter altas produções da palma forrageira. Vale ressaltar que práticas ideais de manejo possibilitam a planta expressar seu melhor potencial produtivo, principalmente em regiões com elevada sazonalidade de produção e irregularidade de chuvas como o semiárido brasileiro. Objetivou-se nesse estudo avaliar a influência da densidade de plantio de duas variedades de palma forrageira dos gêneros Nopalea e Opuntia sobre as características morfológicas e produtivas. O experimento foi estabelecido em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, em um arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, compostos por duas densidades de plantio: 40.000 e 20.000 plantas ha-¹ e duas variedades de palma forrageira: Palmepa-PB01 e Palmepa-PB04 (Nopalea cochinilifera e opuntia ficus indica, respectivamente), a variedade Palmepa-PB01 apresentou médias de 62.33 e 71.33 cm para altura e largura de planta, respectivamente, apresentando valores 33 e 32% superiores em relação a Palmepa-PB04. O índice de área dos cladódios foi maior para a densidade de 40.000 plantas ha-¹, com 2.01 m² m-², apresentando valor 54.22% em relação a densidade de 20.000 plantas ha-¹ que apresentou 0.92 m² m-². A densidade de plantio de 20.000 plantas ha-¹ foi 19 % superior em relação a densidade de 40,000 plantas ha-¹. A variedade Palmepa-PB01 foi 18.18 % superior em relação a variedade Palmepa-PB04 com um rendimento de 40.70 toneladas ha-¹. A variedade Palmepa-PB01 é mais produtiva que a Palmepa-PB04 recomendando seu plantio na menor densidade de plantio nas condições edafoclimáticas encontradas nesse estudo

Natural Products from Ethnodirected Studies: Revisiting the Ethnobiology of the Zombie Poison

Wade Davis's study of Haitian “zombification” in the 1980s was a landmark in ethnobiological research. His research was an attempt to trace the origins of reports of “undead” Haitians, focusing on the preparation of the zombification poison. Starting with this influential ethnopharmacological research, this study examines advances in the pharmacology of natural products, focusing especially on those of animal-derived products. Ethnopharmacological, pharmacological, and chemical aspects are considered. We also update information on the animal species that reportedly constitute the zombie poison. Several components of the zombie powder are not unique to Haiti and are used as remedies in traditional medicine worldwide. This paper emphasizes the medicinal potential of products from zootherapy. These biological products are promising sources for the development of new drugs

Erratum to: The study of cardiovascular risk in adolescents – ERICA: rationale, design and sample characteristics of a national survey examining cardiovascular risk factor profile in Brazilian adolescents

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Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data