Occupational Self-Direction, Intellectual Functioning, and Self-Directed Orientation in Older Workers: Findings and Implications for Individuals and Societies

Using data from 1994-95 third-wave interviews, this study tests whether Kohn and Schooler\u27s findings ( based on 1964 and 1974 interviews) that self-directed occupational conditions increase intellectual functioning and self-directed orientations hold when the respondents are 20 years older. Results confirm that even late in life self-directedness of work continues to affect intellectual functioning and self-directedness of orientation. These psychological characteristics, in turn, affect social-structural position in ways that increase disparities between the advantaged and disadvantaged. From a historical and societal perspective, the findings suggest that the occupational self-directedness of a society\u27s workers may affect its social norms, values, and modes of production

Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In 2003, the Ethiopian Ministry of Health (MOH) started to implement a national antiretroviral treatment (ART) program. Using data in the monthly HIV/AIDS Updates issued by the MOH, this paper examines the spatial and temporal distribution of ART on a population basis for Ethiopian towns and administrative zones and regions for the period February to December 2006.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The 101 public ART hospitals treated 44,446 patients and the 91 ART health centers treated 1,599 patients in December 2006. The number of patients currently receiving ART doubled between February and December 2006 and the number of female patients aged 15 years and older surpassed male patients, apparently due to increased awareness and provision of free ART. Of 58,405 patients who ever started ART in December 2006, 46,045 (78.8%) were adhering to treatment during that month. Population coverage of ART was highest in the three urban administrative regions of Addis Ababa, Harari and Dire Dawa, in regional centers with referral hospitals, and in several small road side towns that had former mission or other NGO-operated hospitals. Hospitals in Addis Ababa had the largest patient loads (on average 850 patients) and those in SNNPR (Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples Republic) (212 patients) and Somali (130 patients) regions the fewest patients. In bivariate tests, number of patients receiving treatment was significantly correlated with population size of towns, urban population per zone, number of hospitals per zone, and duration of ART services in 2006 (all p < 0.001). The stronger relationship with urban than total zonal populations (p < 0.001 versus p = 0.014) and the positive correlation between distance from 44 health centers to the nearest ART hospital and patients receiving treatment at these health centers may be due to a combination of differential accessibility of ART sites, patient knowledge and health-seeking behavior.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The sharp increase in ART uptake in 2006 is largely due to the rapid increase in the provision of free treatment at more sites. The marked variation in ART utilization patterns between urban and rural communities and among zones and regions requires further studies. Recommendations are made for further expansion and sustainability of the ART scale-up.</p

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora: The 2015 Update

No Abstrac

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora: the 2010 Update

No Abstract

Number of patients receiving ART in 136 towns and 47 zones in December 2006

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"</p><p>http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45</p><p>International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.</p><p>Published online 25 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2045665.</p><p></p

Number of patients ever enrolled, ever started, and currently on ART in 91 health centers in December 2006, by region

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"</p><p>http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45</p><p>International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.</p><p>Published online 25 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2045665.</p><p></p

Patients ever enrolled, ever started on ART, and currently on ART, February to December 2006

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"</p><p>http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45</p><p>International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.</p><p>Published online 25 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2045665.</p><p></p

Infants and children below 15 years and males and females above14 years who started ART, February to December 2006

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Utilization of antiretroviral treatment in Ethiopia between February and December 2006: spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns"</p><p>http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/45</p><p>International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():45-45.</p><p>Published online 25 Sep 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2045665.</p><p></p