PENERAPAN METODE TRANSFORMASI DIFERENSIAL RICCATI PADA SISTEM DINAMIK DUA KENDALI WAKTU BERHINGGA

Tugas akhir ini membahas tentang penerapan metode transformasi diferensial Riccati pada persamaan linier kuadratik dengan dua kendali waktu berhingga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan fungsi kendali. Berdasarkan fungsi dinamik dan fungsi tujuan dibentuk persamaan diferensial Riccati.Solusi dari persamaan diferensial Riccati didapat menggunakan metode transformasi diferensial. Selanjutnya solusi dari persamaan diferensial Riccati tersebut berfungsi untuk menghasilkan fungsi kendali baru. Dari pembahasan yang telah dilakukan penulis dapat menyimpulkan bahwa metode transformasi diferensial Riccati bisa diterapkan pada masalah kendali dan menghasilkan fungsi kendali yang baru. Katakunci: Fungsi dinamik, ,fungsi kendali, persamaan diferensial Riccati,transformasi diferensi

Nitrogen Partitioning and Translocation in Wheat under Fertilizer-N Levels, Application Time and Decapitation Stress

The decapitation stress in dual purpose wheat can be managed by adopting proper fertilizer-N partitioning and translocation to get both more grain and fodder with higher amount of N-content. The fertilizer-N levels improved N-content at boot stage (24.37 g kg-1), at anthesis stage (13.45 g kg-1), at maturity stage (4.92 g kg-1), grain N-content (18.38 g kg-1), straw N uptake (43.34 kg ha-1), grain N-uptake (58.81 kg ha-1), apparent nitrogen re-translocation (14.88) and apparent nitrogen re-translocation efficiency (57.89) whereas reduced nitrogen harvest index (74.97 %) and nitrogen use efficiency (15.97) as compare to control. The decapitation stress reduced N-content at anthesis stage 12.90 g kg-1, straw N-uptake (37.55 kg ha-1), grain N-uptake (53.68 kg ha-1), apparent nitrogen retranslocation (13.98), apparent nitrogen re-translocation efficiency (56.56) whereas enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), by 17.02 %. The increase in fertilizer-N level improved linearly N-content at boot stage (25.24 g kg-1), at anthesis stage (13.71 g kg-1), at maturity stage (5.11 g kg-1), straw N-uptake (48.23 kg ha-1), grain N-uptake (63.26 N kg ha-1) but NHI (75.92 %), apparent nitrogen re-translocation (15.62) showed parabolic trend fertilizer-N level while the NUE reduced (13.21 % with 200 kg N ha-1). The two equal split of fertilizer-N application time proved superior in the enhancement of N-content at boot stage, at anthesis stage, straw N-uptake (45.08 kg ha-1) and NUE while the full with 2nd irrigation application improved N-content at anthesis stage (13.87 g kg-1),  straw N-uptake (44.35 kg ha-1), apparent nitrogen re-translocation (15.88), apparent nitrogen re-translocation efficiency (59.91). Results suggest that NUE was increased with decapitation compared to non decapitated plants. Late application of N as full dose or even two equal splits applications at sowing and/or with 2nd irrigation had improved the N content , total  N uptake, N re-translocation and its efficiency, grain protein, and NUE. The fertilizer-N level enhanced N-content at all growth stages, straw and grain. But NHI and apparent nitrogen re-translocation showed parabolic trend while reduced NUE. Keywords: Nitrogen, Fertilizer-N, Fertilizer-N time, Fertilizer-N levels, Translocation, Re-translocation, nitrogen harvest index and NUE

Influence of Nitrogen Timing and Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Canola

The experiment on response of nitrogen application timing and levels on yield and yield components of canola was conducted at New Developmental Farm the University Agriculture Peshawar, during Rabi season 2013-2014. The experiment consist of three timing (full at sowing, split application and rosette stage) and levels 80 and 120kg N ha-¹ of nitrogen. The experiment was designed in randomized complete block with three replications. Canola Cultivar  Abasin-95 was used as testing crop. The results indicated that more number of branches plant-¹ (7), number of pods plant-¹ (276), grain pod-¹ (21), biological yield (3659kgha-1), grain yield (1337kg ha-1), thousand grain weight (4g) and harvest index (12%) were significantly affected except number of branches plant-1. Split application were proved more effective as compared  full at sowing or rosette stage of both nitrogen levels 80 and 120kg N ha-1 to obtain higher yield in agro- ecological conditions of Peshawar. Keywords: Nitrogen, full sowing, rosette stage and canola cultivars

Impact of Agriculture Projects Implemented by National NGOs on People Lives of Surobi District of Kabul Province in 2022

This research aimed to analyze the impacts of projects carried out by National NGOs in Surobi district, understanding the specific requirements of the people, and exploring ways in which humanitarian assistance can be effectively delivered through diverse NGO projects. The study examined the impact of agriculture projects implemented by national NGOs on the lives of residents in the Surobi district of Kabul province in 2022. The research, based on primary data gathered through questionnaires distributed to respondents, focuses on how national NGOs empower farmers, enhance agricultural productivity, and improve overall welfare in the region. The analysis revealed that empowering agricultural communities through farmer groups, involving various stakeholders such as the Ministry of Agriculture, irrigation and livestock (MAIL), NGOs, and academia, was crucial for sustainable development. However, challenges faced by farmers in Surobi district include transportation issues, limited market access, and lack of equipment and technical support, low literacy levels, increased labor burden, inadequate financial support, and poor coordination. To address these challenges, the study suggested that creating job opportunities, implementing agricultural schemes, and improving marketing opportunities through collaboration among institutions, government, private sectors, and NGOs. The research indicated that while national NGOs distributed various resources such as cash, food, gardening supplies, livestock, seeds, and de-worming assistance in 2022, the impact on beneficiaries varied. Some respondents reported minimal impact on their lives, while others experienced significant positive changes. Moreover, the study identified key issues such as high yearly consumption compared to income, limited employment opportunities, and challenges related to water availability for cultivation. It highlights the agricultural potential in the region, emphasizing the need for water management solutions, such as solar-powered water pumps for cultivating higher lands. To enhance the effectiveness of NGO interventions, the study recommends clear communication with local communities to prevent misunderstandings, and emphasizes the role of Kabul Department of agriculture, irrigation and livestock (DAIL) and Surobi DAIL as bridges between NGOs and the local population. Additionally, the study proposed inclusive project planning, involving people with disabilities, internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees, and host communities, to ensure equitable distribution of benefits and sustainable development in the Surobi district

Vehicle Crash Avoidance Modelling and Simulation Using Artificial Neural Network Approach

The objectives of this project are to study kinematics of vehicles in crash avoidance maneuvers, to model and simulate vehicles in crash avoidance scenarios in Matlab Simulink environment, and also to develop crash avoidance algorithm utilizing artificial neural network approach. The problem that leads to the development of this project is that accidents happened mostly caused by human error, in which traffic delays and congestion can eventually take place. The project involves a preliminary study on the simulation of changinglane and also merging into highwaytraffic. This project consists of two main components, which represents the method. The first component is whereby studying of vehicle kinematics in crash avoidance maneuvers is done. The second component is the process of modeling and simulation of crash avoidance scenarios in Matlab Simulink environment. Based on the project that is to be done, the accidents caused by lane changing and merging can be avoided through the design of intelligent vehicle and intelligent highway. As a conclusion, the results ofthis paper could be used to investigate on how to improve the safety of lane changingmaneuversand to provide warnings or take evasive actions to avoid collision when combined with appropriate hardware on board vehicles

The Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Women Work Participation in Pakistan: Evidence from Bahawalpur District

The analysis of labour market participation is useful for formulating employment and human resource development policies. Females form almost more than half of the total population in Pakistan play a very important role in the country. The present study endeavors to estimate the various factors which affect the women work participation. The study is based on the cross-section data collected through field survey. The logistic regression technique is employed to estimate the determinants of female labour force participation. Educational attainment levels turn out to be very significant determinant. Female’s labour force participation rises with increasing level of education. Presence of children in early age groups reduces the female labour force participation. The results of the study conclude that female education is necessary for better employment opportunities.Female labor force participation; Female education; Household Income; Family Dependents; Marital Status; Children; Logit Model; Pakistan

Rip current occurrence probability at selected recreational beaches along Pahang coastline

Pahang beaches draw more than thousand visitors throughout the year. From the year 2006 to 2018, more than 30 drowning and near-drowning cases were recorded mainly from rip currents. Rip currents define as unexpected current that carried beachgoers away to seaward direction more than ~ 50 meters from shore. The prediction of rip current development is very important for protection of human life. In this study, preliminary survey and field works were carried out to identify rip current hazards. The output would be an early warning preventative mitigation to public in Pahang. Beach state model, dimensionless fall velocity, (Ω), littoral environment observation (LEO) and relative tidal range (RTR) were recorded for five recreational beaches during two different months (March and April 2018). The morphodynamic parameters such sediment fall velocity (Ws), sediment grain size (D50), beach slope are then analysed using software PROFILER. Classification of risks were done based on beach morphodynamic model (Ω-RTR). The morphodynamics are classified as low tide bar rip (LTBR), barred (B), low tide terrace associated with rip current (LTTR), bar dissipative (BD), reflective (R), non-bar dissipative (NBD), low tide terrace (LTT) and ultra-dissipative (UD). Result shows three out of five recreational beaches may develop high risk rip currents. During the first month of survey, Batu Hitam (BH) recorded the only one recreational beach that may develop high risk rip current followed by Teluk Cempedak (TC) and Kempadang (KEM) as middle risk rip current beach while Balok (BA) and Sepat (SEP) as low risk rip current beach. Different during second month of survey, Balok (B), Batu Hitam (BH) and Sepat (SEP) were recorded as high risk rip current beach while Teluk Cempedak (TC) and Kempadang (KEM) as low risk rip current beach. The results are consistent with beach incidents (drowning and near-drowning) reported

Allelopathy and Agricultural Sustainability: Implication in weed management and crop protection—an overview

Crop plants have defined roles in agricultural production and feeding the world. They are affected by several environmental and biological stresses, which range from soil salinity, drought, and climate change to exposure to diverse plant pathogens. These stresses pose risk to agricultural sustainability. To avoid the increasing biotic and abiotic pressure on crop plants, agrochemicals are extensively used in agriculture for attaining desirable yield and production of crops. However, the use of agrochemicals is also challenging the integrity of ecosystems. Thus, to maintain the integrity of ecosystem, sustainable measures for elevated crop production are required. Allelopathy, a process of chemical interactions between plants and other organisms, could be used in the management of several biotic and abiotic stresses if the basic mechanisms of the phenomena and plants with allelopathic potentials are known. Allelopathy has a promising future for its application in agriculture for natural weed management, improving soil health and suppressing plant diseases. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of allelopathy in agriculture and its role in sustainability with a specific focus on weed management and crop protection