Review: Ethnopharmacology: Bridging Traditional Knowledge and Modern Science

Ethnopharmacology, derived from the Greek words "ethno" (people, nation, tribe) and "pharmacology" (study of drugs), examines how human societies utilize natural resources such as plants, fungi, animals, and minerals for medicinal purposes. This field bridges traditional herbal knowledge with modern pharmacological science, aiming to integrate ancient wisdom with contemporary research methods. Ethnopharmacology seeks to document conventional medicine practices, understand cultural uses of natural remedies, and identify potential pharmaceuticals from these sources. It emphasizes ethical use, fair rewards for communities, and integration with modern healthcare. With historical roots in Central and Eastern Europe and influences from Greek and Roman cultures, ethnopharmacology continues to explore the potential for improving global healthcare by linking traditional wisdom with modern science. This review offers a snapshot of the field\u27s achievements and future directions

Eco-Friendly Bioconversion of Sewage Sludge: Strategies for Nutrient Recovery and Pollutant Mitigation

Sewage sludge (SS), a byproduct of wastewater treatment, is rich in organic matter and nutrients but also harbors heavy metals, pathogens, and organic pollutants. Sustainable disposal and valorization of SS is critical to mitigate environmental and health risks. This review explores the potential of biological composting techniques including thermophilic composting; vermicomposting, co-composting, and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment as effective, low-cost alternatives to conventional methods such as incineration, pyrolysis, and wet oxidation. These biological approaches significantly reduce pathogenic load and heavy metal mobility, while enhancing nutrient recovery and producing high-quality compost. Microbial degradation during composting facilitates the breakdown of persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs and PCBs. Vermicomposting, in particular, promotes metal bioaccumulation and nutrient enrichment, making the final product suitable for agricultural use. Despite their promise, biological methods face challenges such as slower degradation rates and variability in pollutant removal efficiency. Future research should focus on optimizing composting conditions, microbial consortia, and bulking agents to improve the degradation of persistent pollutants like PPCPs and micro-plastics. Overall, biological composting represents a key strategy in circular waste management, turning SS from an environmental liability into a valuable resource for sustainable agriculture

Oligosaccharide Diversity in Milks: A Comparative Analysis of Human, Mammalian, and Plant-Based Sources

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of oligosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage patterns across eight milk types: human, bovine (cow and buffalo), goat, Gaddi sheep, camel, donkey/mare, and selected plant-based alternatives. Utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and exoglycosidase linkage mapping, we profiled and quantified the oligosaccharide content and linkage diversity. Results revealed that human milk possesses the highest complexity, with ∼35–40 g/L of oligosaccharides comprising over 160–240 unique structures, including critical fucosylated and sialylated variants for neonatal immunity and gut health. Goat (42 oligosaccharides) and cow milk (35 oligosaccharides) followed in complexity, while camel (34 oligosaccharides) and Gaddi sheep (approx. 16 oligosaccharides) exhibited more limited profiles. Donkey/mare milk shared notable similarities with human milk in lactose levels and structural roles, though with lower oligosaccharide diversity. In contrast, plant-based milks, such as almond and soy, lacked complex mammalian-type oligosaccharides, primarily containing simpler plant-derived oligosaccharides like raffinose and stachyose, typically with α-galactosyl linkages. Functional insights demonstrated that specific OS from goat and donkey milk exhibited prebiotic potential and pathogen inhibition. This study offers critical biochemical insights for designing optimized infant formulas and enhancing plant-based milk alternatives by replicating the beneficial oligosaccharide patterns found in mammalian milk

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoformulation Containing Phytoconstituent of Cardiospermum halicacabum Extract

he study aimed to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles containing phytoconstituents of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. was incorporated into polymeric nanoparticles using the solvent evaporation technique. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used as the biodegradable polymer, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) served as a stabilizer. Five different formulations (F1–F5) were prepared by varying polymer and stabilizer concentrations. Evaluation parameters included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. The stability of the optimized batch (F3) was assessed under accelerated storage conditions. Results: Formulation F3 was optimized, showing the smallest particle size (165 ± 4 nm), low PDI (0.280), and high zeta potential (-28.3 mV), indicating good physical stability. It also showed superior entrapment efficiency (75.6%) and maximum drug release (85.2% at 24 h). Antioxidant studies confirmed free radical scavenging potential of the extract. Stability studies revealed minimal changes in physicochemical parameters over time. Conclusion: The nanoformulation of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. significantly enhances its stability and drug delivery potential. The developed system holds promise for further in vivo studies and future use in the effective management of diabetes

Multiplex qPCR Assay for HIV-1 Proviral DNA Detection and Subtype Characterization: Exploiting Quenching of Multiple Fluorophores with a Single Quencher Operating in Trans: Contact Quenching

Accurate detection and quantification of HIV-1 proviral DNA are critical for effective patient monitoring and therapeutic decision-making. In this study, we developed a multiplexed quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay designed to detect HIV-1 proviral DNA, determine viral subtype, specifically identifying the predominant subtype C and validate assay performance using an internal control. Gene-specific primers were engineered by appending an 8-base biotag followed by a common 18-base sequence at the 5′ end, enabling the simultaneous amplification of multiple target sequences. Fluorescent probes labeled with FAM, SUN/VIC, and Cy5 were employed for detection, and a novel strategy involving quenching of labeled probes in trans was implemented to enhance assay flexibility and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional cis-quenched probes. The assay was initially optimized using synthetic linear double-stranded DNA templates representing the HIV-1 gag region, while externally added human chromosomal DNA served as a control for PCR inhibition. Validation was performed on a panel of 11 clinical samples previously analyzed for drug resistance mutations. Results indicated robust amplification of HIV-1 proviral DNA, accurate subtype determination, and reliable internal control performance, with profiles closely matching those obtained by gold standard sequencing-based assays. One sample exhibited PCR inhibition, underscoring the need for internal control monitoring. Overall, the multiplexed qPCR assay provides a sensitive, specific, and efficient tool for comprehensive HIV-1 reservoir quantification and molecular epidemiological studies, potentially informing improved clinical management and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, this novel methodology significantly reduces reagent costs and processing time while maintaining high sensitivity, making it ideal for routine clinical and research applications

Economic Value of Cross-Cultural Communication in Tripura\u27s Healthcare System: A Comprehensive Analysis

Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever that poses a significant threat to global health. Its high transmissibility, incubation period, and nonspecific symptoms hinder early detection and effective containment. Limited public awareness, delayed diagnosis, and restricted access to reliable health information further heighten the risk of widespread outbreaks. This study develops a mathematical model for Marburg virus transmission using a compartmental SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) framework. The inclusion of an Exposed compartment captures the latent period before symptom onset, improving the accuracy of disease progression modeling. Key parameters, such as the basic reproduction number ​, are estimated to evaluate the virus\u27s potential for sustained transmission. Sensitivity and stability analyses identify the most critical factors influencing outbreak dynamics and thresholds for containment. To guide intervention efforts, optimal control strategies such as public education, early diagnosis and treatment, case isolation, and vector control are incorporated into the model. Numerical simulations and cost-effectiveness assessments demonstrate that combined strategies can reduce infection rates and lower ​ below the epidemic threshold. Despite data limitations and implementation challenges, this model offers valuable insights for public health decision-making, emphasizing the need for integrated and timely responses to prevent future Marburg virus outbreaks

Artificial Intelligence in Non-Invasive Skin Oxygenation Monitoring: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

With exciting advances that could completely change how medical practitioners gauge and monitor skin oxygenation levels, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a disruptive force in the field of non-intrusive skin oxygenation monitoring. This study explored the ongoing potrait of artificial intelligence applications in this domain, highlighting key advancements, challenges, and future directions. Recent studies have demonstrated the remarkable capabilities of AI-based systems in accurately assessing skin oxygenation levels by leveraging sophisticated machine-learning as well as deep-learning algorithms. These AI-powered imaging technologies capture high-resolution, multispectral images of the skin, which are then analyzed using neural networks to detect subtle variations in oxygenation that may serve as early indicators of underlying health conditions. However, despite significant progress made in controlled research settings, the widespread adoption of AI in clinical practice faces several challenges. These carries issues in context to the consistency and dependency of AI-based systems in real-world clinical environments, need for extensive validation and standardization, and genuine as well as official implications of incorporating AI across healthcare decision-making processes. As researchers and clinicians continue to explore the potential of AI in non-invasive skin oxygenation monitoring, future directions may focus on addressing these challenges through collaborative efforts between AI experts, healthcare professionals, and regulatory bodies. By utilizing the energy of Artificial Intelligence volunteer as well as result oriented, we can shift the route for more accurate, efficient, and accessible skin oxygenation monitoring, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing the health care field

Theorizing Symbolic Reconstitution: A New Framework for Cultural Trauma

This paper introduces a theoretical framework for understanding cultural trauma through the lens of symbolic reconstitution. Drawing on empirical studies across diverse cultural contexts and integrating perspectives from cultural psychology, anthropology, and trauma studies, we conceptualize symbolic reconstitution as the process through which communities recover from trauma directed at their cultural symbols. We propose a three-phase model; symbolic rupture, liminal reconfiguration, and integrative reconstitution; to map the trajectory of recovery when cultural symbols are targeted in violence. This framework addresses significant gaps in existing trauma theories that often neglect the role of cultural symbols as repositories of collective identity and meaning. Through analysis of multiple case studies spanning diverse cultural contexts, we demonstrate how attacks on cultural symbols create unique trauma signatures that require culturally-specific interventions. This theoretical framework contributes to decolonizing trauma studies by centering indigenous epistemologies and recognizing cultural symbols not merely as static markers but as dynamic resources for resilience and recovery. Implications for culturally-responsive trauma intervention, community resilience enhancement, and post-trauma identity reconstruction are discussed

Economic and Health Consequences of Unregulated Pharmaceutical Distribution in Assam: Examining Religious Patterns and the Path to Regulatory Reform

Background: Unregulated over-the-counter (OTC) medication sales, particularly antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), represent a significant public health challenge in Assam, India. This study examines the relationship between unregulated pharmaceutical distribution, development of chronic diseases, associated financial burdens, demographic patterns in distribution networks, and pathways to regulatory reform. Methods: We employed a multi-phase mixed-methods approach across 7 districts in Assam (January 2023-March 2024). Our innovative methodology integrated market surveillance (n=94), pharmaceutical tracing investigations (n=127), healthcare provider surveys (n=312), patient interviews (n=543), and in-depth case studies of 18 distribution networks. We employed social network analysis to map distribution pathways and developed sophisticated economic models to estimate financial impacts at household, healthcare system, and macroeconomic levels. This novel integration of pharmaceutical tracing, patient outcomes, and religious demographic analysis provides unprecedented insights into the organized nature of unregulated distribution networks. Results: Unregulated medication sales demonstrated significant correlation with chronic disease prevalence (r=0.74, p<0.001) and catastrophic health expenditure incidence (OR 3.8, 95% CI: 2.9-4.7). Laboratory analysis of unregulated pharmaceuticals revealed 41.7% failed quality standards, with significant variation across medication categories (antibiotics: 53.2%, NSAIDs: 39.4%, corticosteroids: 68.7%). Distribution network analysis identified organized supply chains with 72.3% linked to specific religious affiliations. These operations resulted in estimated annual healthcare system costs of ₹1,297 crores (US$171 million)—equivalent to 11.3% of Assam\u27s total health budget—and pushed 11.4% of affected households below the poverty line. Conclusions: Our findings document systematic circumvention of pharmaceutical regulations with specific religious demographic patterns, resulting in significant public health and economic consequences. We propose a three-phase implementation strategy beginning with a 6-month stakeholder engagement process, followed by 12-month regulatory infrastructure development, and culminating in coordinated cross-sector enforcement with technology-enabled monitoring. Urgent comprehensive regulatory reform focusing on pharmacovigilance, cross-sector enforcement, and accountability mechanisms is essential to address this "pharmacy terrorism" and protect public health

The Concept of Karma Across Different Hindu Philosophical Schools: An Epistemological Bridge to Contemporary Ethics

This paper argues that karma, as understood across different Hindu philosophical schools, functions as an epistemological bridge between ancient wisdom traditions and contemporary ethical discourse. While previous scholarship has focused on historical development or specific school interpretations, this review demonstrates how the systematic examination of karma across Mimamsa, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, and Vedanta reveals a sophisticated framework for understanding moral causation that addresses contemporary challenges in ethics, psychology, and environmental philosophy. By analyzing primary texts and synthesizing diverse interpretations, this paper establishes karma not merely as a religious doctrine but as a robust philosophical principle that offers unique insights for modern ethical theory, particularly regarding the temporal dimensions of moral responsibility and the integration of individual agency within systemic causation