Multiplex qPCR Assay for HIV-1 Proviral DNA Detection and Subtype Characterization: Exploiting Quenching of Multiple Fluorophores with a Single Quencher Operating in Trans: Contact Quenching

Accurate detection and quantification of HIV-1 proviral DNA are critical for effective patient monitoring and therapeutic decision-making. In this study, we developed a multiplexed quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay designed to detect HIV-1 proviral DNA, determine viral subtype, specifically identifying the predominant subtype C and validate assay performance using an internal control. Gene-specific primers were engineered by appending an 8-base biotag followed by a common 18-base sequence at the 5′ end, enabling the simultaneous amplification of multiple target sequences. Fluorescent probes labeled with FAM, SUN/VIC, and Cy5 were employed for detection, and a novel strategy involving quenching of labeled probes in trans was implemented to enhance assay flexibility and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional cis-quenched probes. The assay was initially optimized using synthetic linear double-stranded DNA templates representing the HIV-1 gag region, while externally added human chromosomal DNA served as a control for PCR inhibition. Validation was performed on a panel of 11 clinical samples previously analyzed for drug resistance mutations. Results indicated robust amplification of HIV-1 proviral DNA, accurate subtype determination, and reliable internal control performance, with profiles closely matching those obtained by gold standard sequencing-based assays. One sample exhibited PCR inhibition, underscoring the need for internal control monitoring. Overall, the multiplexed qPCR assay provides a sensitive, specific, and efficient tool for comprehensive HIV-1 reservoir quantification and molecular epidemiological studies, potentially informing improved clinical management and personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, this novel methodology significantly reduces reagent costs and processing time while maintaining high sensitivity, making it ideal for routine clinical and research applications

Eco-Friendly Bioconversion of Sewage Sludge: Strategies for Nutrient Recovery and Pollutant Mitigation

Sewage sludge (SS), a byproduct of wastewater treatment, is rich in organic matter and nutrients but also harbors heavy metals, pathogens, and organic pollutants. Sustainable disposal and valorization of SS is critical to mitigate environmental and health risks. This review explores the potential of biological composting techniques including thermophilic composting; vermicomposting, co-composting, and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) treatment as effective, low-cost alternatives to conventional methods such as incineration, pyrolysis, and wet oxidation. These biological approaches significantly reduce pathogenic load and heavy metal mobility, while enhancing nutrient recovery and producing high-quality compost. Microbial degradation during composting facilitates the breakdown of persistent organic pollutants such as PAHs and PCBs. Vermicomposting, in particular, promotes metal bioaccumulation and nutrient enrichment, making the final product suitable for agricultural use. Despite their promise, biological methods face challenges such as slower degradation rates and variability in pollutant removal efficiency. Future research should focus on optimizing composting conditions, microbial consortia, and bulking agents to improve the degradation of persistent pollutants like PPCPs and micro-plastics. Overall, biological composting represents a key strategy in circular waste management, turning SS from an environmental liability into a valuable resource for sustainable agriculture

Phytoremediation Efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes for Treating Textile Wastewater in the Mumbai Industrial Belt

Industrial textile wastewater contains high organic load, complex dyestuffs, toxic chemicals, and heavy metals, posing severe environmental challenges, particularly in critically polluted industrial zones in Maharashtra. In this study, the phytoremediation potential of Eichhornia crassipes was evaluated using graded concentrations (20–100%) of textile effluent collected from the MIDC discharge channel. The experiment was conducted for 60 days in controlled 30-L containers, and physico-chemical parameters were monitored at 15-day intervals. The results demonstrated significant reductions across major pollutants. pH shifted from highly alkaline toward near-neutral levels, while Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) decreased by up to 57.8% and 62.2%, respectively. Organic load indicators, BOD and COD, showed notable reductions of 72–77% and 68–71%, reflecting strong plant–microbe synergistic degradation. Electrical conductivity decreased by 58%, indicating a marked reduction in ionic strength. Dissolved oxygen levels improved substantially due to photosynthetic oxygenation. Macronutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, K, S) showed considerable removal, with phosphorus exhibiting the highest reduction (93%). Heavy metals, including Fe and Mn, were also effectively removed (57–60%) through rhizofiltration and root-associated sequestration. Overall, Eichhornia crassipes demonstrated strong suitability as a low-cost, eco-friendly phytoremediation agent capable of significantly improving the quality of high-strength textile wastewater. The results support the integration of decentralized phytoremediation systems as effective pre-treatment or polishing steps within industrial wastewater management frameworks in heavily burdened regions

Eigen Vector and Eigen Value

The word Eigen is understood in the German language with the meaning of own, proper, character. But in this discussion, instead of the above words, we use specific or Appropriation words. According to the above explanation, the following concepts are discussed. A definite vector, a definite value (a definite coefficient), a definite space, a definite equation, a definite polynomial, a definite matrix, and a definite function. The concept of Eigenvector and Eigenvalue has an important and special rule in linear algebra and functional analysis, which includes spectral theory. Its eigenvectors are those vectors that are only stretched, with neither rotation nor shear. The corresponding eigenvalue is the factor by which an eigenvector is stretched or squished. If the eigenvalue is negative, the eigenvector\u27s direction is reversed.  The eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a linear transformation serve to characterize it, and so they play important roles in all the areas where linear algebra is applied, from geology to quantum mechanics. In particular, it is often the case that a system is represented by a linear transformation whose outputs are fed as inputs to the same transformation (feedback). In such an application, the largest eigenvalue is of particular importance, because it governs the long-term behavior of the system after many applications of the linear transformation, and the associated eigenvector is the steady state of the system

Oligosaccharide Diversity in Milks: A Comparative Analysis of Human, Mammalian, and Plant-Based Sources

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of oligosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage patterns across eight milk types: human, bovine (cow and buffalo), goat, Gaddi sheep, camel, donkey/mare, and selected plant-based alternatives. Utilizing advanced analytical techniques, including Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAEC-PAD), Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and exoglycosidase linkage mapping, we profiled and quantified the oligosaccharide content and linkage diversity. Results revealed that human milk possesses the highest complexity, with ∼35–40 g/L of oligosaccharides comprising over 160–240 unique structures, including critical fucosylated and sialylated variants for neonatal immunity and gut health. Goat (42 oligosaccharides) and cow milk (35 oligosaccharides) followed in complexity, while camel (34 oligosaccharides) and Gaddi sheep (approx. 16 oligosaccharides) exhibited more limited profiles. Donkey/mare milk shared notable similarities with human milk in lactose levels and structural roles, though with lower oligosaccharide diversity. In contrast, plant-based milks, such as almond and soy, lacked complex mammalian-type oligosaccharides, primarily containing simpler plant-derived oligosaccharides like raffinose and stachyose, typically with α-galactosyl linkages. Functional insights demonstrated that specific OS from goat and donkey milk exhibited prebiotic potential and pathogen inhibition. This study offers critical biochemical insights for designing optimized infant formulas and enhancing plant-based milk alternatives by replicating the beneficial oligosaccharide patterns found in mammalian milk

Formulation and Evaluation of Nanoformulation Containing Phytoconstituent of Cardiospermum halicacabum Extract

he study aimed to formulate and evaluate polymeric nanoparticles containing phytoconstituents of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. was incorporated into polymeric nanoparticles using the solvent evaporation technique. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) was used as the biodegradable polymer, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) served as a stabilizer. Five different formulations (F1–F5) were prepared by varying polymer and stabilizer concentrations. Evaluation parameters included particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay. The stability of the optimized batch (F3) was assessed under accelerated storage conditions. Results: Formulation F3 was optimized, showing the smallest particle size (165 ± 4 nm), low PDI (0.280), and high zeta potential (-28.3 mV), indicating good physical stability. It also showed superior entrapment efficiency (75.6%) and maximum drug release (85.2% at 24 h). Antioxidant studies confirmed free radical scavenging potential of the extract. Stability studies revealed minimal changes in physicochemical parameters over time. Conclusion: The nanoformulation of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. significantly enhances its stability and drug delivery potential. The developed system holds promise for further in vivo studies and future use in the effective management of diabetes

Review: Ethnopharmacology: Bridging Traditional Knowledge and Modern Science

Ethnopharmacology, derived from the Greek words "ethno" (people, nation, tribe) and "pharmacology" (study of drugs), examines how human societies utilize natural resources such as plants, fungi, animals, and minerals for medicinal purposes. This field bridges traditional herbal knowledge with modern pharmacological science, aiming to integrate ancient wisdom with contemporary research methods. Ethnopharmacology seeks to document conventional medicine practices, understand cultural uses of natural remedies, and identify potential pharmaceuticals from these sources. It emphasizes ethical use, fair rewards for communities, and integration with modern healthcare. With historical roots in Central and Eastern Europe and influences from Greek and Roman cultures, ethnopharmacology continues to explore the potential for improving global healthcare by linking traditional wisdom with modern science. This review offers a snapshot of the field\u27s achievements and future directions

Economic Value of Cross-Cultural Communication in Tripura\u27s Healthcare System: A Comprehensive Analysis

Marburg virus disease is a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever that poses a significant threat to global health. Its high transmissibility, incubation period, and nonspecific symptoms hinder early detection and effective containment. Limited public awareness, delayed diagnosis, and restricted access to reliable health information further heighten the risk of widespread outbreaks. This study develops a mathematical model for Marburg virus transmission using a compartmental SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) framework. The inclusion of an Exposed compartment captures the latent period before symptom onset, improving the accuracy of disease progression modeling. Key parameters, such as the basic reproduction number ​, are estimated to evaluate the virus\u27s potential for sustained transmission. Sensitivity and stability analyses identify the most critical factors influencing outbreak dynamics and thresholds for containment. To guide intervention efforts, optimal control strategies such as public education, early diagnosis and treatment, case isolation, and vector control are incorporated into the model. Numerical simulations and cost-effectiveness assessments demonstrate that combined strategies can reduce infection rates and lower ​ below the epidemic threshold. Despite data limitations and implementation challenges, this model offers valuable insights for public health decision-making, emphasizing the need for integrated and timely responses to prevent future Marburg virus outbreaks

Theorizing Symbolic Reconstitution: A New Framework for Cultural Trauma

This paper introduces a theoretical framework for understanding cultural trauma through the lens of symbolic reconstitution. Drawing on empirical studies across diverse cultural contexts and integrating perspectives from cultural psychology, anthropology, and trauma studies, we conceptualize symbolic reconstitution as the process through which communities recover from trauma directed at their cultural symbols. We propose a three-phase model; symbolic rupture, liminal reconfiguration, and integrative reconstitution; to map the trajectory of recovery when cultural symbols are targeted in violence. This framework addresses significant gaps in existing trauma theories that often neglect the role of cultural symbols as repositories of collective identity and meaning. Through analysis of multiple case studies spanning diverse cultural contexts, we demonstrate how attacks on cultural symbols create unique trauma signatures that require culturally-specific interventions. This theoretical framework contributes to decolonizing trauma studies by centering indigenous epistemologies and recognizing cultural symbols not merely as static markers but as dynamic resources for resilience and recovery. Implications for culturally-responsive trauma intervention, community resilience enhancement, and post-trauma identity reconstruction are discussed

Clinical Pharmacist Interventions in Neurology: A Systematic Review on Drug-Related Problems and Outcomes

Patients with neurological disorders often require complex treatment regimens and frequently present with multiple comorbidities, which increases the likelihood of drug-related problems (DRPs). This systematic review compiles evidence from quantitative interventional and observational studies conducted across different healthcare settings to evaluate the effect of clinical pharmacist interventions on detecting and resolving DRPs in neurology wards. Findings consistently indicate that pharmacist-led interventions can substantially improve clinical outcomes, reduce medication-related complications, and optimize overall pharmacotherapy. The primary aim of this review is to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the contribution of clinical pharmacists in the identification and management of DRPs among neurological patients. A thorough electronic literature search was carried out with a high-sensitivity strategy to retrieve relevant publications. Major databases consulted included Web of Science, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE (via PubMed). Evidence from these studies shows that clinical pharmacist involvement was associated with a 43–78% reduction in DRPs, a 20–35% improvement in medication adherence, and measurable enhancements in clinical outcomes, including better seizure control, improved motor function, and higher medication safety standards. Importantly, the majority of pharmacist recommendations were accepted by prescribers (82–96%). Overall, the findings support the integration of clinical pharmacists into neurology services, demonstrating their value in reducing drug-related complications, enhancing therapeutic effectiveness, and strengthening patient safety