Tolerancia de genotipos de maíz (Zea mays L.) a sequía en el Cerrito, Valle.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo evaluar 15 genotipos de maíz para seleccionar aquellos que presenten el mejor grado de tolerancia a la sequía en las épocas críticas de prefloración y llendo de grano. Se descartaron materiales sensibles al retorno de la aparición de estigmas y se seleccionaron aquellos que no sufrieron detrimento marcado en el rendimiento. Se utilizaron 15 materiales de maíz, 9 de ellos preseleccionados entre 40 genotipos, tres materiales comerciales y tres materiales promisorios. El agua total acumulada para el tratamiento sin estres hídrico fue de 430 m y de 335 m para la condición con estrés hídrico. Los materiales VBMI-24, VBMI-25, VBM-26, a parte de sus bajos rendimientos, muestran sensibilidad marcada al estrés. Los más promisorios fueron VBMC-28 Y VBMC-21, de comportamiento relativamente aceptable VBMG-22 Y VBMC-23. Los materiales comerciales ICA V-258 E ICA H-211 se comportaron de forma irregular, los híbridos HPM-1 y PIONEER 5800 no sufrieron depresión marcada bajo estrésMaíz-Zea may

Ajuste de una prueba de tubo de combustion usando un modelo simplificado de reacciones

La implementación de un proceso de inyección de aire en un yacimiento de crudo pesado se fundamenta en un buen diseño experimental. Una de las principales pruebas de este diseño es la prueba de tubo de combustión, de la cual se obtienen las bases de diseño para implementar el proceso a escala piloto. Sin embargo, es de gran importancia realizar un ajuste numérico de la prueba de tubo de combustión para crear un modelo numérico a escala piloto. Usando el modelo anterior se puede evaluar el desempeño del proceso antes de su implementación directa a un piloto de campo.Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, en el presente estudio se construyó un modelo numérico en 1D mediante el ajuste de una prueba de tubo de combustión realizada a un crudo colombiano. Para realizar este ajuste se usaron dos reacciones con el objetivo de simular los efectos térmicos del proceso. La primera de estas reacciones tiene como único objetivo depositar el coque, el cual servirá de combustible para la segunda reacción denominada de combustión. Como resultado de la implementación del modelo anterior fue posible ajustar los picos de temperatura, el coque depositado y la velocidad del frente, variando los parámetros cinéticos de las dos reacciones.Palabras clave: combustión in-situ, prueba tubo de combustión, modelo de simulación, velocidad frente de combustión

Calculation of the thermal efficiency of a steamflooding process in stratified reservoirs

Los yacimientos de crudo pesado muestran una importancia predominante al estar asociados a las reservas más grandes del planeta. Por este motivo, se ha dado lugar al desarrollo de técnicas de recuperación mejorada como la inyección continua de vapor, para facilitar la producción de crudo pesado. Sin embargo, en la práctica común se ha evidenciado la presencia de arcillas en formaciones productoras, las cuales afectan negativamente la eficiencia de los procesos de recobro térmico.El presente estudio se llevó a cabo a partir de la construcción de modelos conceptuales de simulación, con distintos espaciamientos entre los pozos y distinta relación arena-arcilla, con el propósito de analizar qué tanta de la energía suministrada a la formación productora a través del vapor está siendo aprovechada por la misma y que porción ha sido atrapada por las arcillas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que la eficiencia térmica del proceso se ve afectada por la presencia de formaciones arcillosas, sobre todo cuando estas son de gran espesor, y esto se ve reflejado en el bajo índice de productividad. Por otra parte, se observó que al disminuir el espaciamiento entre los pozos se obtienen mejores factores de recobro debido a que el proceso de inyección continua de vapor resulta más eficiente. Los resultados finales de esta investigación llevaron a la elaboración de correlaciones que permiten el cálculo de la eficiencia térmica de un proceso de inyección continua de vapor en yacimientos de crudo pesado con intercalaciones de arcilla. Estas pueden ser aplicadas en posteriores estudios siempre y cuando las características de los modelos a evaluar sean similares a las empleadas en los modelos de estudio. Con este trabajo se pretende dar un aporte a la industria en el área de recobro mejorado para la producción de crudo de alta viscosidad.  Heavy oil reservoirs show a predominant importance because they are associated with the largest reserves in the world. For this reason, it has resulted in the development of enhanced recovery techniques such as steamflooding, to facilitate the production of heavy oil. However, the common practice has evidenced the presence of shale within producing formations, which negatively affect the efficiency of thermal recovery processes.This study was conducted from the construction of simulation conceptual models, with different spacing between wells and different sand-shale ratio, with the purpose of analyze how much of the energy supplied to the producing formationthrough the steam is being exploited by the same, and what portion has been trapped by shales. Results show that the thermal efficiency of the process is affected for the presence of shale formations, mainly when these are of great thickness, which has reflected in the index productivity low. Moreover, it was observed that decreasing the spacing between wells, allowed best recovery factors due to that steamflooding is more efficient. The final results of this investigation led to development of correlations that allow the calculation of the thermal efficiency of a steamflooding process in heavy oil reservoirs with shales intercalated. These correlations may be applied in subsequent studies as long as characteristics of models going to be evaluated are similar to in the models in this study. With this work it is sought to make a contribution to the industry in the area of enhanced oil recovery for producing high viscosity oil

Measurement of activity produced by low energy proton beam in metals using off-line PET imaging

Proceeding of: 2011 Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, Valencia, España, 23-29 October, 2011In this work, we investigate PET imaging with 68Ga and 66Ga after proton irradiation on a natural zinc foil. The nuclides 68Ga and 66Ga are ideally suited for off line PET monitoring of proton radiotherapy due to their beta decay halflives of 67.71(9) minutes and 9.49(3) hours, respectively, and suitable fl end point energy. The purpose of this work is to explore the feasibility of PET monitoring in hadrontherapy treatments, and to study how the amount of activity and the positron range affect the PET image reconstruction. Profiting from the low energy reaction threshold for production via (p,n) reactions, both 68Ga and 66Ga gallium isotopes have been produced by activation on a natural zinc target by a proton pencil beam. In this way, it is possible to create detailed patterns, such as the Derenzo inspired one employed here. The proton beam was produced by the 5 MV tandetron accelerator at CMAM in Madrid. The energy of this beam (up to 10 MeV) is similar to the residual energy of the protons used for therapy at the distal edge of their path. The activated target was imaged in an ARGUS small animal PETtCT scanner and reconstructed with a fully 3D iterative algorithm, with and without positron range corrections.This work was supported in part by Comunidad de Madrid (ARTEMIS S2009/DPI 1802), Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grants FPA2010 17142 and ENTEPRASE, PSE 300000 2009 5), by European Regional Funds, by CDTI under the CENIT Programme (AMIT Project), UCM (grupos UCM, 910059) and by CPAN, CSPD 2007 [email protected]

Estudio experimental de un proceso de inyección continua de vapor en el equipo de desplazamiento radial

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una metodología que permita reproducir a escala de laboratorio el proceso de recobro térmico denominado inyección continua de vapor utilizando el equipo de desplazamiento radial E.D.R Para el desarrollo de este proyecto se llevaron a cabo 4 fases de experimentación que integradas contribuyeron al desarrollo de la prueba de inyección continua de vapor a escala de laboratorio. En la primera parte de este trabajo se procedió a la construcción de plugs sintéticos para el análisis y determinación de las variables más infuyentes para su construcción y la posterior determinación de las propiedades petrofísicas básicas. Posteriormente se desarrollaron una serie de pruebas preliminares de inyección de vapor utilizando los plugs construidos con el fn de identifcar y seleccionar los parámetros operacionales óptimos del equipo generador de vapor.Posteriormente se procedió con la construcción del medio poroso homogéneo el cual representa un cuarto de patrón de yacimiento y constituye el modelo físico en el que se realizará la prueba de desplazamiento utilizando vapor, también se añade un procedimiento técnico para la ejecución de pruebas de inyección continua de vapor utilizando el equipo de desplazamiento radial (E.D.R.) y se incluyen los resultados fnales de la prueba realizada. Finalmente se presenta el  desarrollo del modelo analítico utilizado para representar el proceso de inyección continua de vapor y posteriormente la construcción y ejecución del modelo de simulación numérica a condiciones de laboratorio. De la misma manera se incluye la comparación y el análisis de los resultados de los tres modelos utilizados para el desarrollo de este proyecto.  The objective of this article is to present a methodology to reproduce the thermal enhanced oil recovery process called steamfooding, at laboratory scale, using the radial displacement equipment. For the development of this project were conducted four stages of experimentation; all of them integrated contributed to the design of the steamfooding test at laboratory scale. The frst stage of the process consist on the construction of synthetic plugs for analyzing and determining the most important variables in the process and the basic petro physical properties. Subsequently, were developed a series of preliminary steamfooding tests with the plugs previously built, with the purpose of determining the optimum operational parameters of the steam generator equipment.  Later, the homogeneous porous media was buildt; it represents the fourth part of a reservoir pattern, this constitute he physical model in which the displacement test with steam will be done, it is also presented the technical procedure for the steamfooding tests using the Radial Displacement Equipment (E.D.R) and the fnal results of the est developed. Finally is presented the development of the analytical model used for predicting and representing a steamfooding process and the subsequent execution of the numerical simulation model at laboratory conditions. Alike is included the results analysis and comparison between the three models used for the development of this project

Vascular and root tip GPT2 expression mediates the PGI1-independent response of Arabidopsis to small microbial volatiles

Resumen del trabajo presentado en el XVI Meeting of Plant Molecular Biology, celebrado en Sevilla (España), del 14 al 16 de septiembre de 2022Microorganisms emit a plethora of volatile compounds (VCs) that promote plant growth and photosynthesis as well as strong developmental and metabolic changes. In Arabidopsis, the plastidial isoform of phosphoglucose isomerase PGI1 mediates photosynthesis, metabolism and development, probably due to its involvement in the synthesis of isoprenoid-derived signals in vascular tissues (Bahaji et al., 2015; Bahaji et al., 2018). Like in wild-type (WT) plants, microbial VCs promote growth and photosynthesis as well as starch and CK accumulation in PGI1-lacking pgi1-2 plants (Sánchez-López et al. 2016). A striking alteration in the transcriptome of leaves of small fungal VC-treated plants involves strong up-regulation of levels of transcripts of GPT2 (At1g61800), a gene that codes for a plastidial G6P/Pi transporter. We hypothesized that the PGI1-independent response to microbial volatile emissions involves GPT2 action. To test this hypothesis, we characterized responses of WT, GPT2-null gpt2-1, PGI1-null pgi1-2 and pgi1- 2gpt2-1 plants to small fungal VCs. In addition, we characterized responses of pgi1-2gpt2-1 plants expressing GPT2 under the control of a vascular tissue- and root tip-specific promoter to small fungal VCs. Results presented in this work provide evidence that, under conditions in which PGI1 activity is reduced, long-distance action of GPT2 plays an important role in the response of plants to small VCs through mechanisms involving resetting of the photosynthesis-related proteome in leaves and complex GPT2 regulation.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) / 10.13039/501100011033/ (grants BIO2016-78747-P, PID2019-104685GB-100 and PID2019-107657RB-C22) and the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic and ERDF project entitled “Plants as a tool for sustainable global development” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827)

Ibrutinib Plus Venetoclax in Relapsed/Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The CLARITY Study.

PURPOSE:The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has been revolutionized by targeted therapies that either inhibit proliferation (ibrutinib) or reactivate apoptosis (venetoclax). Both significantly improve survival in CLL and replace chemoimmunotherapy for many patients. However, individually, they rarely lead to eradication of measurable residual disease (MRD) and usually are taken indefinitely or until progression. We present the CLARITY trial that combined ibrutinib with venetoclax to eradicate detectable CLL with the intention of stopping therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS:CLARITY is a phase II trial that combined ibrutinib with venetoclax in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL. The primary end point was eradication of MRD after 12 months of combined therapy. Key secondary end points were response by International Workshop on CLL criteria, safety, and progression-free and overall survival. RESULTS:In 53 patients after 12 months of ibrutinib plus venetoclax, MRD negativity (fewer than one CLL cell in 10,000 leukocytes) was achieved in the blood of 28 (53%) and the marrow of 19 (36%). Forty-seven patients (89%) responded, and 27 (51%) achieved a complete remission. After a median follow-up of 21.1 months, one patient progressed, and all patients were alive. A single case of biochemical tumor lysis syndrome was observed. Other adverse effects were mild and/or manageable and most commonly were neutropenia or GI events. CONCLUSION:The combination of ibrutinib plus venetoclax was well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL. There was a high rate of MRD eradication that led to the cessation of therapy in some patients. The progression-free and overall survival rates are encouraging for relapsed and refractory CLL

Costs and resource needs for primary health care in Ethiopia: evidence to inform planning and budgeting for universal health coverage

IntroductionThe Government of Ethiopia (GoE) has made significant progress in expanding access to primary health care (PHC) over the past 15 years. However, achieving national PHC targets for universal health coverage will require a significant increase in PHC financing. The purpose of this study was to generate cost evidence and provide recommendations to improve PHC efficiency.MethodsWe used the open access Primary Health Care Costing, Analysis, and Planning (PHC-CAP) Tool to estimate actual and normative recurrent PHC costs in nine Ethiopian regions. The findings on actual costs were based on primary data collected in 2018/19 from a sample of 20 health posts, 25 health centers, and eight primary hospitals. Three different extrapolation methods were used to estimate actual costs in the nine sampled regions. Normative costs were calculated based on standard treatment protocols (STPs), the population in need of the PHC services included in the Essential Health Services Package (EHSP) as per the targets outlined in the Health Sector Transformation Plan II (HSTP II), and the associated costs. PHC resource gaps were estimated by comparing actual cost estimates to normative costs.ResultsOn average, the total cost of PHC in the sampled facilities was US$11,532 (range: US$ 934–40,746) in health posts, US$254,340 (range: US$ 68,860–832,647) in health centers, and US$634,354 (range: US$ 505,208–970,720) in primary hospitals. The average actual PHC cost per capita in the nine sampled regions was US$4.7, US$ 15.0, or US$20.2 depending on the estimation method used. When compared to the normative cost of US$ 38.5 per capita, all these estimates of actual PHC expenditures were significantly lower, indicating a shortfall in the funding required to deliver an expanded package of high-quality services to a larger population in line with GoE targets.DiscussionThe study findings underscore the need for increased mobilization of PHC resources and identify opportunities to improve the efficiency of PHC services to meet the GoE’s PHC targets. The data from this study can be a critical input for ongoing PHC financing reforms undertaken by the GoE including transitioning woreda-level planning from input-based to program-based budgeting, revising community-based health insurance (CBHI) packages, reviewing exempted services, and implementing strategic purchasing approaches such as capitation and performance-based financing

Valoración del nivel de actividad física y aptitud física en una muestra de universitarios: Comparativa tras la pandemia de covid-19

The transition from secondary education to university education has become a critical moment for the lifestyle of young people, especially for the practice of physical activity. Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to assess the levels of physical activity in university students, by correlating the results of the IPAQ-SF and the different physical fitness variables (Eurofit). The sample consisted of 194 students of the Primary Education Degree, with a mean age of 21.37 ± 2.66 years. The main results obtained reflect the direct relationship between the practice of physical activity in general, and vigorous physical activity in particular, and optimal physical fitness of university students, linked above all to the strength component. As for the comparison between pre-pandemic (18/19) and post-pandemic (21/22) university students, the increase in physical activity after the pandemic did not show substantial differences in the physical fitness components. In conclusion, these results should lead us to reflect on the influence of an active lifestyle on physical fitness, which has an impact on overall health status and quality of life.El tránsito de la educación secundaria a la enseñanza universitaria se ha convertido en un momento crítico para el estilo de vida de los jóvenes, especialmente para la práctica de actividad física. Por ello, el principal objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar los niveles de actividad física en universitarios, mediante la correlación entre los resultados del IPAQ-SF y las distintas variables de condición física (Eurofit). La muestra estuvo conformada por 194 estudiantes del Grado de Educación Primaria, con una edad media de 21,37 ± 2,66 años. Los principales resultados obtenidos reflejan la relación directa entre la práctica de actividad física en general, y la actividad física vigorosa en particular y una óptima aptitud física de los estudiantes universitarios, vinculada sobre todo con el componente fuerza. En cuanto a la comparación entre los universitarios del curso prepandémico (18/19) y el curso pospandémico (21/22), el aumento de la actividad física tras la pandemia no reportó diferencias sustanciales en los componentes de la condición física. A modo de conclusión, estos resultados deben conducirnos a una reflexión sobre la influencia de un estilo de vida activo en la aptitud física, la cual tiene repercusión en el estado de salud general y la calidad de vida

Factors Determining Nestedness in Complex Networks

Understanding the causes and effects of network structural features is a key task in deciphering complex systems. In this context, the property of network nestedness has aroused a fair amount of interest as regards ecological networks. Indeed, Bastolla et al. introduced a simple measure of network nestedness which opened the door to analytical understanding, allowing them to conclude that biodiversity is strongly enhanced in highly nested mutualistic networks. Here, we suggest a slightly refined version of such a measure of nestedness and study how it is influenced by the most basic structural properties of networks, such as degree distribution and degree-degree correlations (i.e. assortativity). We find that most of the empirically found nestedness stems from heterogeneity in the degree distribution. Once such an influence has been discounted – as a second factor – we find that nestedness is strongly correlated with disassortativity and hence – as random networks have been recently found to be naturally disassortative – they also tend to be naturally nested just as the result of chance.This work was supported by Junta de Andalucia projects FQM-01505 and P09-FQM4682, and by Spanish MEC-FEDER project FIS2009-08451. S.J. is grateful for financial support from the European Commision under the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship Programme PIEF-GA-2010-276454