A hierarchy in the family of real surjective functions

This expository paper focuses on the study of extreme surjective functions in ℝℝ. We present several different types of extreme surjectivity by providing examples and crucial properties. These examples help us to establish a hierarchy within the different classes of surjectivity we deal with. The classes presented here are: everywhere surjective functions, strongly everywhere surjective functions, κ-everywhere surjective functions, perfectly everywhere surjective functions and Jones functions. The algebraic structure of the sets of surjective functions we show here is studied using the concept of lineability. In the final sections of this work we also reveal unexpected connections between the different degrees of extreme surjectivity given above and other interesting sets of functions such as the space of additive mappings, the class of mappings with a dense graph, the class of Darboux functions and the class of Sierpiński-Zygmund functions in ℝℝ

Modifications in the distribution of met-enkephalin in the cat spinal cord after administration of clonidine. An immunocytochemical study

We have studied the modifications in the distribution of methionine-enkephalin in the cat spinal cord after intravenous or intrathecal administration of clonidine by using an immunocytochemical technique. In animals not treated with the substance, a very high density of immunoreactive fibers was found in layers I and 11; a high density in the dorso-lateral funiculus and in the reticular formation; a moderate density in layers 111, IV and V; and a low density in layer VI. However, after intravenous or intrathecal administration of clonidine a decrease in fibers containing met-enkephalin was observed in layers I and I1 (high or moderate density), the dorso-lateral funiculus, and the reticular formation (moderate or low density), and in layers IV and V (low or very low density). In all cases, the decrease in the immunoreactivity was more marked when clonidine was administered intrathecally. Our results suggest that clonidine induces the release of metenkephalin in the spinal cord. They further suggest that the opioid peptide released could be involved in the control of nociceptive transmission by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters (e.g., substance P). In summary, our study shows that clonidine could be involved in antinociceptive mechanisms in the cat spinal cord

Sequential determination of uranium and plutonium in soil and sediment samples by borate salts fusion

[EN] This study describes a rapid method for sequential determination of uranium and plutonium isotopes in soil and sediment samples and its application to the study of Anthropocene sedimentary records. Different pretreatment methods have been tested (open-vessel digestion, borate salts fusion and NaOH salt fusion) achieving the complete dissolution of the sample in case of fusion methods. LiBO2 and Li2B4O7 (80/20) flux was finally selected because a higher amount of sample can be analyzed (up to 5 g). Moreover, separation steps with extraction chromatographic resin UTEVA were optimized. Average recoveries obtained for uranium and plutonium were acceptable, 59% and 72% respectively, and relative bias were below +/- 15%. The time to complete the separation is approximately 11 h without ashing the samples and, consequently, it can be used in emergencies.The authors are grateful to the Universitat Politècnica de València for finantial support under the "Programa propio para la Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI) de la Universitat Politècnica de València - Subprograma 1". We also thank the Valencian Agency for Security and Emergency and the Generalitat Valenciana for their support in the "Convenio de colaboración entre la Agencia Valenciana de Seguridad y Respuesta a las Emergencias y la Universitat Politècnica de València para el Desarrollo del Plan de Vigilancia Radiológica en Emergencias". The research was also funded by the ANTROPICOSTA-2: Anthropocene sedimentary record of the coastal and marine areas of Northern Atlantic Iberia (RTI2018-095678-B-C21, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE) and HAREA-Coastal Geology Research Group (Basque Government, IT976-16) projects.Sáez-Muñoz, M.; Ortiz Moragón, J.; Martorell Alsina, SS.; Gómez-Arozamena, J.; Cearreta, A. (2020). Sequential determination of uranium and plutonium in soil and sediment samples by borate salts fusion. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 323(3):1167-1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-020-07028-5S116711773233Soppera N, Bossant M, Dupont E (2014) JANIS 4: an improved version of the NEA Java-based nuclear data information system. Nucl Data Sheets 120:294–296UNSCEAR (2010) Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Volume I: sources: report to the general assembly, scientific annexes A and B. UNSCEAR 2008 report. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 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J Radioanal Nucl Chem 318:2389–2399Corcho-Alvarado JA, Diaz-Asencio M, Froidevaux P, Bochud F, Alonso-Hernández CM, Sanchez-Cabeza JA (2014) Dating young Holocene coastal sediments in tropical regions: use of fallout 239,240Pu as alternative chronostratigraphic marker. Quat Geochronol 22:1–10Waters CN, Zalasiewicz J, Summerhayes C, Barnosky AD, Poirier C, Gałuszka A, Cearreta A, Edgeworth M, Ellis EC, Ellis M, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Richter DDB, Steffen W, Syvitski J, Vidas D, Wagreich M, Williams M, Zhisheng A, Grinevald J, Odada E, Oreskes N, Wolfe AP (2016) The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 351(6269):aad2622Zalasiewicz J, Waters CN, Summerhayes C, Wolfe AP, Barnosky AD, Cearreta A, Crutzen P, Ellis E, Fairchild IJ, Gałuszka A, Haff P, Hajdas I, Head MJ, Ivar do Sul JA, Jeandel C, Leinfelder R, McNeill JR, Neal C, Odada E, Oreskes N, Steffen W, Syvitski J, Vidas D, Wagreich M, Williams M (2017) The Working Group on the Anthropocene: summary of evidence and interim recommendations. Anthropocene 19:55–60Qiao J, Hou X, Miró M, Roos P (2009) Determination of plutonium isotopes in waters and environmental solids: a review. Anal Chim Acta 652:66–84Croudace I, Warwick P, Reading D, Russell B (2016) Recent contributions to the rapid screening of radionuclides in emergency responses and nuclear forensics. Trends Anal Chem 85:120–129Casacuberta N, Lehritani M, Mantero J, Masqué P, Garcia-Orellana J, Garcia-Tenorio R (2012) Determination of U and Th α-emitters in NORM samples through extraction chromatography by using new and recycled UTEVA resins. Appl Radiat Isot 70:568–573Lozano JC, Herranz M, Mosqueda F, Manjón G, Idoeta R, Quintana B, García-Tenorio R, Bolívar JP (2017) Low-level determination of Th-isotopes by alpha spectrometry. Part 2: evaluation of methods for dissolution of samples and for test sample preparation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:2519–2529Jurečič S, Benedik L, Planinšek P, Nečemer M, Kump P, Pihlar B (2014) Analysis of uranium in the insoluble residues after decomposition of soil samples by various techniques. Appl Radiat Isot 87:61–65Luo M, Xing S, Yang Y, Song L, Ma Y, Wang Y, Dai X, Happel S (2018) Sequential analyses of actinides in large-size soil and sediment samples with total sample dissolution. J Environ Radioact 187:73–80Sahli H, Röllin S, Putyrskaya V, Klemt E, Balsiger B, Burger M, Corcho Alvarado JA (2017) A procedure for the sequential determination of radionuclides in soil and sediment samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 314:2209–2218Reading D, Croudace I, Warwick P, Britton R (2015) A rapid dissolution procedure to aid initial nuclear forensics investigations of chemically refractory compounds and particles prior to gamma spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 900:1–9IAEA (2009) IAEA/AQ/11A, procedure for the rapid determination of Pu isotopes and Am-241 in soil and sediment samples by alpha spectrometry, IAEA analytical quality in nuclear applications series no. 11. International Atomic Energy Agency, ViennaCroudace I, Warwick P, Taylor R, Dee S (1998) Rapid procedure for plutonium and uranium determination in soils using a borate fusion followed by ion-exchange and extraction chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 371:217–225Maxwell S, Culligan B, Hutchison J, McAlister D (2015) Rapid fusion method for the determination of Pu, Np, and Am in large soil samples. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 305:599–608EPA (2014) EPA 402-R-14-004, rapid method for sodium hydroxide fusion of concrete and brick matrices prior to americium, plutonium, strontium, radium, and uranium analyses for environmental remediation following radiological incidents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MontgomeryMaxwell S, Culligan B, Noyes G (2010) Rapid separation method for actinides in emergency soil samples. Radiochim Acta 98:793–800Galindo C, Mougin L, Nourreddine A (2007) An improved radiochemical separation of uranium and thorium in environmental samples involving peroxide fusion. Appl Radiat Isot 65:9–16EPA (2012) Rapid method for fusion of soil and soil-related matrices prior to americium, plutonium, and uranium analyses for environmental remediation following radiological incidents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MontgomeryMantero J, Lehritane M, Hurtado S, García-Tenorio R (2010) Radioanalytical determination of actinoids in refractory matrices by alkali fusion. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 286:557–563Braysher E, Russell B, Woods S, García-Miranda M, Ivanov P, Bouchard B, Read D (2019) Complete dissolution of solid matrices using automated borate fusion in support of nuclear decommissioning and production of reference materials. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 321:183–196Wang H, Ni Y, Zheng J, Huang Z, Xiao D, Aono T (2019) Low-temperature fusion using NH4HSO4 and NH4HF2 for rapid determination of Pu in soil and sediment samples. Anal Chim Acta 1050:71–79Leorri E, Cearreta A, García-Artola A, Irabien MJ, Blake WH (2013) Relative sea-level rise in the Basque coast (N Spain): different environmental consequences on the coastal area. Ocean Coast Manag 77:3–13Absi A (2005) Evolución del impacto radiactivo ambiental en la ría de Huelva tras el cambio en la gestión de los residuos de las industrias de producción deácido fosfórico. Doctoral thesis, Seville UniversityMARLAP (2004) Part II: chapter 13. Sample dissolution, (volume II), EPA 402-B-04-001B. 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Towards precision charm physics with a mixed action

39th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory, LATTICE 2022 Bonn 8 August 2022 through 13 August 2022 Code 187776We report on our first set of results for charm physics, using a mixed-action setup with maximally twisted valence fermions on CLS Nf = 2+1 ensembles. This setup avoids the need of improvement coefficients to subtract O (amc) effects. The charm quark mass, D and Ds decay constants are computed on a subset of CLS ensembles, which allows to take the continuum limit and extrapolate to the physical pion mass, and assess the scaling properties. Special attention is paid to the implementation of techniques to deal with systematic uncertainties. Our results show excellent prospects for high-precision computations on the full set of ensemblesWe acknowledge PRACE and RES for giving us access to computational resources at MareNostrum (BSC). We thank CESGA for granting access to Finis Terrae II. This work is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 813942 and by the Spanish MINECO through project PGC2018-094857-B-I00, the Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa Programme through SEV-2016-0597 and the Ramón y Cajal Programme RYC-2012-024

Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain by dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2

NOTCH proteins constitute a receptor family with a widely conserved role in cell cycle, growing and development regulation. NOTCH1, the best characterised member of this family, regulates the expression of key genes in cell growth and angiogenesis, playing an essential role in cancer development. These observations provide a relevant rationale to propose the inhibition of the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 (Notch1-IC) as a strategy for treating various types of cancer. Notch1-IC stability is mainly controlled by post-translational modifications. FBXW7 ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated degradation is considered one of the most relevant, being the previous phosphorylation at Thr-2512 residue required. In the present study, we describe for the first time a new regulation mechanism of the NOTCH1 signalling pathway mediated by DYRK2. We demonstrate that DYRK2 phosphorylates Notch1-IC in response to chemotherapeutic agents and facilitates its proteasomal degradation by FBXW7 ubiquitin ligase through a Thr-2512 phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. We show that DYRK2 regulation by chemotherapeutic agents has a relevant effect on the viability, motility and invasion capacity of cancer cells expressing NOTCH1. In summary, we reveal a novel mechanism of regulation for NOTCH1 which might help us to better understand its role in cancer biology

Influencia de la fertilización nitrogenada sobre las concentraciones de K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ y sus bioindicadores en raíces y hojas de plantas de judía

The pyruvate kinase (PK) and ATPase activities taking part in nitrogen (N) assimilation is essential for the growth and development of plants. Studies on the kinetics of these enzymes reveal that its activities are dependent of the cofactors K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to determine the effect of different doses of N on enzymatic activities of ATPase and PK as potentials biochemical indicators of the levels of K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the roots and leaves of green bean plants. The N was applied to the nutrient solution as NH4NO3 at the following rates: 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 18.0, and 24.0 mM of N. These results indicate that deficient conditions of N (N1 and N2) were characterized by the lowest accumulation of K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in both total and soluble forms, and also minimum activities of PK and ATPase induced by K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, with respect to the activity of basal PK and ATPase; this could mean near optimum conditions for these cations. On the contrary, high-N treatments (N4, N5 and N6) were characterized by presenting decreasing concentrations of total and soluble K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in roots and leaves of green bean plants; however, the activities of PK and ATPase induced with K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were increased reaching their maximum activity with respect to basal PK and ATPase, both enzymes reflecting the level of cations in roots and leaves, hence being considered as good physiological bioindicators of these cations.Las actividades piruvato kinasa (PK) y ATPasa participan en la asimilación de nitrógeno (N), la cual es esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas. Estudios sobre cinéticas de estas enzimas revelan que sus actividades son dependientes de los cofactores K+, Ca2+ y Mg2+. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de diferentes dosis de N sobre las actividades de la ATPasa y PK como posibles bioindicadores de los niveles de K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ en raíces y hojas de plantas de judía (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Strike). Se aplicó N a la solución nutritiva como NH4NO3 en las siguientes dosis: N1=1,5 mM, N2=3,0 mM, N3=6,0 mM, N4=12,0 mM, N5=18,0 mM y N6=24,0 mM. Los resultados indican que bajo condiciones deficientes de N (N1 y N2), las plantas presentaron menor acumulación de K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ en su forma total y soluble, así como mínimas actividades PK y ATPasa inducidas por K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ respecto a la actividad PK y ATPasa basal; lo cual indica condiciones cercanas a las óptimas de estos cationes. Por el contrario, en los tratamientos elevados de N (N4, N5 y N6) las plantas presentaron concentraciones decrecientes de K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ total y soluble tanto en raíces como en hojas; sin embargo, las actividades PK y ATPasa inducidas con K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ se incrementaron alcanzando sus máximas actividades con respecto a la PK y ATPasa basal, lo que indica una mayor necesidad fisiológica de estos cationes en los tratamientos elevados de N. Finalmente, la actividad ATPasa basal y la inducida con K+, Mg2+ y Ca2+ se comportaron de forma similar a la actividad PK, lo que refleja el nivel de cationes en raíces y en hojas, por lo que se consideran buenos bioindicadores fisiológicos de estos cationes

Yield and nutritional value of first-cutting alfalfa grown in temperature gradient greenhouses under future climate change scenarios depend on Sinorhizobium meliloti strain

Ponencia presentada a la 51 Reunión Científica de la SEEP celebrada en la Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de la Universidad Pública de Navarra entre el 14 y el 18 de mayo de 2012.El objetivo del estudio fue analizar bajo distintos escenarios de simulación de cambio climático (CO2 y temperatura elevados), el efecto de tres cepas de Sinorhizobium meliloti, en la producción, calidad y digestibilidad in-vitro de la alfalfa. Las alfalfas más productivas en su primer corte durante el mes de noviembre fueron las inoculadas con la cepa 102F34, seguidas por la 102F78 y la 1032GMI. El CO2 y la temperatura elevados aumentaron el contenido en fibras, disminuyendo la digestibilidad invitro de la materia seca en las plantas inoculadas con las cepas 102F78 y 1032GMI. La proteína bruta, un indicador de la calidad del forraje, descendió en condiciones de CO2 y temperatura elevados, independientemente de la cepa inoculada. Si bien las plantas inoculadas con la cepa 102F78 produjeron forraje con mayor concentración de proteína bruta, la mayor digestibilidad obtenida con la cepa 102F34, hizo que de las tres cepas analizadas, sea ésta la más adecuada en el escenario de cambio climático estudiado.Elevated CO2 may decrease alfalfa forage quality and in-vitro digestibility through a drop in crude protein and an enhancement of fibre content. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of elevated CO2, elevated temperature and Sinorhizobium meliloti strains on alfalfa yield, forage quality and in-vitro dry matter digestibility. Shoot dry matter under elevated CO2 and temperature was different depending on the S. meliloti strain, with 102F34 inoculated plants being the most productive, followed by 102F78, and then 1032GMI. Plants inoculated with the 102F34 strain did not enhance neutral or acid detergent fibre under elevated CO2 or temperature and hence, in-vitro dry matter digestibility was unaffected. Crude protein content, an indicator of forage quality, was negatively related to shoot yield. Plants inoculated with 102F78 showed a similar shoot yield to those inoculated with 102F34, but had higher crude protein content at elevated CO2 and temperature. Under these climate change conditions, 102F78 inoculated plants produced more quality forage. However, the higher digestibility of plants inoculated with the 102F34 strain under any CO2 or temperature conditions, makes them more suitable for growing under applied experimental climate change conditions.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN BFU2008-01405 y BFU2011-26989), Fundación Universitaria de Navarra (PIUNA-2008), Fundación Caja Navarra y Asociación de Amigos de la Universidad de Navarra

Las termas y el Suburbium marítimo de Baelo Claudia. Avance de un reciente descubrimiento

Entre los años 2010 y 2012, la Universidad de Cádiz y la Junta de Andalucía han desarrollado investigaciones arqueológicas en la zona extramuros de la ciudad hispanorromana, en el marco del Proyecto General de Investigación “La economía marítima y las actividades haliéuticas en Baelo Claudia”. Se presentan en esta sede los primeros resultados, que han permitido identificar la existencia de un suburbium occidental en la ciudad, entre el cauce del arroyo de las Villas, la playa y la necrópolis oeste, cuya existencia se ha podido confirmar por datos geofísicos y arqueológicos. En él han podido ser excavadas parcialmente unas estructuras que se han identificado con unas termas suburbanas, activas entre el s. II y el V d.C., habiéndose excavado una piscina del frigidarium y algunas estancias calefactadas, con hallazgos muy significativos como parte de la decoración marmórea y escultórica del complejo, que en época tardorromana fue amortizado intencionalmente por motivos posiblemente religiosos. Estos hallazgos son de gran interés, pues además de verificar la existencia de un segundo complejo balneario público en la ciudad plantean la importancia del poblamiento periurbano, una línea de investigación totalmente inédita hasta la fechaBetween the year 2010 and 2012, the University of Cadiz and the Regional Government (Junta de Andalucía) have developed archaeological activities in the zone outside the hispano-roman city, in the frame of the General Project of Research titled “The maritime economy and the halieutic activities in Baelo Claudia”. We are presenting in this paper the first results, which have allowed to identify the existence of a western suburbium outside the city, between the riverbed of the so called “arroyo de las Villas”, the beach and the western necropolis, whose remains have been confirmed by geophysical and archaeological techniques. Inside this area a few structures have been excavated, identified as a Roman baths complex, active from the 2nd up to the 5th century a.D. A big pool, part of the frigidarium and some heated rooms have been unearthed, with very significant findings as part of the marmoreal and sculptural decoration of the complex, which in late roman times was intentionally broken into pieces possibly by religious motives. These findings are of great interest, since beside confirming the existence of the second public thermae of the city they raise the importance of the peri-urban buildings, a new line of research up to dat

Desalination effects on macroalgae (part A): Laboratory-controlled experiments with Dictyota spp. from the Pacific Ocean and Mediterranean Sea

Desalination brines from direct seawater intake that get discharged to coastal areas may produce stress responses on benthic marine communities, mostly due to its excess salinity, and especially on sessile organisms; in this context, macroalgae have been understudied in desalination ecotoxicological investigations. In this study, we assessed the short- and long-term cellular tolerance responses in two brown species of the macroalgae genus Dictyota through controlled laboratory conditions. Dictyota kunthii was collected from the eastern Pacific Ocean (average salinity, ~34 psu), whereas Dictyota dichotoma was from the Mediterranean Sea (average salinity, ~37 psu). Each macroalgae species was exposed for up to 7 days to two conditions with increased salinity values: +2 and +7 psu above their natural average salinity. Photosynthetic parameters and oxidative stress measurements were determined. The results showed that, in both Dictyota species, high salinity values induced reduced photoinhibition (Fv/Fm) but increased the primary productivity (ETRmax) and light requirement (EkETR) especially after 7 days. Conversely, the photosynthetic efficiency (αETR) decreased in hypersalinity treatments in D. dichotoma, while there were no changes in D. kunthii. The reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was greater at high salinity values at 3 days for D. dichotoma and after 7 days in D. kunthii, while lipid peroxidation decreases under hypersalinity with time in both species. Despite the evident H2O2 accumulation in both species against hypersalinity, it did not produce oxidative damage and important impairment in the photosynthetic apparatus. These results contribute to understanding the tolerance strategies at the cellular level of Dictyota spp., which may be considered as potential candidates for biomonitoring of desalination impacts in the field.We gratefully thank the financial support from ANID FONDECYT Postdoctoral fellowship #3180394, European Commission Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions #888415, and ANID INES I+D # INID210013. Financial support for mobility was granted from SEGIB Scholarship and Fundación Carolina of Spain to PM. We also thank TESPOST 04/19 PhD scholarship granted by Universidad de Playa Ancha to PM. The initiative was also funded by Universidad de Playa Ancha through the Concurso Regular de Investigación 2019 no. CEA 19-20