Duplicate, Bernstein algebras and evolution algebras

In this paper, we firstly study a commutative algebra E over a field F of Char(F) ̸= 2 that satisfying dim(E2) = 1. We show that, such an algebra is an evolution algebra. Afterwards, we pay attention to commutative duplicate of a commutative algebra E. We find necessary and sufficient condition in which the duplicate D(E) is an evolution algebra. And, we finish by studying an evolution algebra that is a Bernstein algebra. We classify that algebras, up to isomorphism, in dimension ≤ 4. {\bf Keywords}: Evolution algebras, Bernstein algebras, Duplicate, natural base

Connaissance des OGMs et canaux d’information des acteurs au Burkina Faso

Pour subvenir aux besoins d’une population en croissance, les scientifiques proposent toujours de nouvelles technologies de production. Ces technologies ne sont pas toujours acceptées pour des raisons défendues par les groupes d’acteurs en présence. A la recherche de solutions pour améliorer la productivité agricole, les autorités du Burkina Faso se sont tournées vers l’utilisation des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM). L’étude vise à appréhender la connaissance des OGM et les principaux canaux d’information au Burkina Faso. Pour la réalisation de cette étude, une enquête a été conduite auprès de 272 personnes réparties dans 16 communes de trois provinces du Burkina Faso. L’étude a montré que sans discrimination du niveau d’instruction ou du genre, les acteurs ont une certaine connaissance des OGM. Les principaux canaux d’information sont le réseau d’encadrement des sociétés cotonnières (42%) et Internet (34%). Les réseaux d’encadrement sont effectifs dans la diffusion de l’information technologique. Dans la présente étude, il ressort que les technologies de communication sont efficaces pour une diffusion plus large.Mots clés : Burkina Faso ; OGM ; canaux d’information; niveau d’instruction

Antifungal efficiency of plants aqueous extracts with potential for control of Cercospora oryzae miyake in rice

Rice (Oryza spp.) is the third most cultivated cereal crop in Benin, and major staple in the population’s daily diets. Its production, though is heavily impaired by fungal diseases, of which cercosporios accounts for about 60% yield loss. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of plant aqueous extracts for control of Cercospora oryzae diseases for improved rice production in Benin. We assessed the in vitro effectiveness of plant extracts on the sporulation and mycelial growth of C. oryzae, by evaluating the effectiveness of extracts on the foliar and panicular incidence, as well as the epidemic of C. oryzae in the field. A randomised complete block design arranged in split plots, was laid out with three spraying replications. The study combined phytiatric tools. Extracts from Lippia multiflora, Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis at concentrations of 10 and 15% showed antifungal efficacy on Cercospora oryzae in vitro and in the field. Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon did not exhibit antifungal efficacy against Cercospora oryzae

Mold Occurrence in Fresh Chilli Pepper (Capsicum spp.) Harvested Directly in the Field in Benin Republic

Introduction: The chilli pepper (Capsicum spp.), ranked among the world's leading spices or food additives, is now Benin'ssecond most-important vegetable crop after tomatoes. Unfortunately, chilli peppers are likely to be contaminated with mold which produces dangerous mycotoxins due to cultural practices, transport, and post-harvest storage. Objective: The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify the molds that contaminate chilli pepper varieties in open fields according to the cultivation methods used in the Republic of Benin. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 samples of three varieties of chilli peppers were taken directly from six districts of Benin. The molds were isolated and purified on a PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) medium for identification. The identification focused on the morphological and cultural characteristics of isolated strains. Results: Nine (9) fungal genera from different taxonomic groups were detected. The genera that have been represented are Aspergillus (34%), Fusarium (21%), Penicillium (16%), Alternaria (7%), Cladosporium (7%), Mucor (7%), Scytalidium (4%), Trichophyton (3%), and Rhizopus(1%). Conclusion: The present study shows that chilli pepper is being contaminated in Benin. The genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria are respectively the main toxinogenic molds that contaminate peppers in the field. The mold control in chilli pepper against pathogenic agents became urgently required to reduce a consumer disease caused by chilli pepper in Benin

Ethnobotanical Survey of Two Medicinal Plants (Heliotropium indicum L., Abrus precatorius L.,) Used in Traditional Medicine in West Africa

Since the time of our ancestors, natural products issued from plant play a therapeutic crucial role. About 25-30% of all medicines (drugs) available for the treatment of diseases are derived from natural products (from plants, animals, bacteria and fungi) or are derivatives of natural products. The aim of this research was to scientifically identify and supply tangible documentation on these two plants employed in the traditional medicine. From November 2020 to February 2021, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted within four markets at the south of Benin, employing a semistructured questionnaire. Two hundred respondents including 80% of females and 20% of males were interviewed. The 2 studied plants are mainly used for different types of sickness related to infections. Females’ herbalists are the most represented. From this research, it appears that the 2 plants are widely used for the treatment of severe infections. On the market, 95% of the leafy steam are sold against 5% of the roots for both plants. The main preparation way is decoction. Oral use is reported to be common in all region. The value of samples sold varies from 200F CFA (Financial Cooperation of Africa) to 1000F CFA. The decoctions are usually obtained through one of a mix of different types of plants. Traditional knowledge is transmitted from one generation to another by oral education. Till today there was no record found. During our study, we did no record prohibition or side effect related to these plants’ use. These medicinal plants occupy a crucial place within the therapeutic arsenal of west Africa. Our results constitute a vital tool to determine the true potentials of these plants. These results could lead to new improved traditional medicine

Sahel terrorist crisis and development priorities: case of financial allocations for the control of non-communicable diseases in Burkina Faso

In Africa, nearly 46% of all mortality will be attributed to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 2030. While the cost of inaction far exceeds the cost of action against NCDs, global funding for the prevention and control of NCDs is minimal. The objective of this was to explore the Ministry of Health budget allocations for NCDs from 2010 to 2020 as well as the effect of the terrorism crisis on these allocations. The methodology was based on the budget tracking tool developed by the Scaling Up Nutrition Movement. Twenty-nine budget lines related to the prevention and/or control of NCDs have been identified. About 29.9 million USD were allocated to the fight against NCDs with an absorption rate of more than 98%.There is an upward trend of allocated budget characterized by an exponential increase from the development of the national integrated strategic plan for the fight against NCDs (2016–2020). In 2017, an increase of 184% compared to 2016 was observed. However, the efforts were challenged by the emergence of the terrorist threat which triggered in January 2016, leading to a drastic reduction in allocations for NCDs in favor likely of defense and security priorities as well as addressing the needs of internally displaced persons. A trend analysis suggests that the NCDs budget significantly decrease as the country global terrorist index increase. Further analysis is needed to better understand the implication on NCD incidence, and identify advocacy opportunities for mitigating the negative impact of the terrorist treat on NCDs and other development issues

Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones

The regional climate as it is now and in the future will put pressure on investments in sub-Saharan Africa in water resource management, fisheries, and other crop and livestock production systems. Changes in oceanic characteristics across the Atlantic Ocean will result in remarkable vulnerability of coastal ecology, littorals, and mangroves in the middle of the twenty-first century and beyond. In line with the countries' objectives of creating a green economy that allows reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improved resource efficiency, and prevention of biodiversity loss, we identify the most pressing needs for adaptation and the best adaptation choices that are also clean and affordable. According to empirical data from the field and customized model simulation designs, the cost of these adaptation measures will likely decrease and benefit sustainable green growth in agriculture, water resource management, and coastal ecosystems, as hydroclimatic hazards such as pluviometric and thermal extremes become more common in West Africa. Most of these adaptation options are local and need to be scaled up and operationalized for sustainable development. Governmental sovereign wealth funds, investments from the private sector, and funding from global climate funds can be used to operationalize these adaptation measures. Effective legislation, knowledge transfer, and pertinent collaborations are necessary for their success

Spatial-temporal pattern of malaria in Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2020.

Despite the implementation of different strategies to fight against malaria in Burkina Faso since 2005, it remains today the leading cause of hospitalization and death. Adapting interventions to the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria could help to reduce this burden. This study aims to determine the structure and stability of malaria hotspots in Burkina Faso, with the objective of adapting interventions at small geographical scales. Data on malaria cases from 2013 to 2020 were acquired at municipalities level. Municipality-wise malaria endemicity levels were mapped through geographical information system (GIS) tools. Spatial statistical analysis using Kulldoff sweeps were carried out to identify malaria hotspots. Then we mapped the monthly malaria risk. Malaria is endemic in all the municipalities of Burkina Faso. However, two stable main spatial clusters (South-Western and Eastern part of the country) are emerging with seasonal reinforcement. Interventions targeting the identified clusters could significantly reduce the incidence of malaria in Burkina Faso. This also prompts for further studies to identify the local determinants of this high transmission for the future success of malaria control