201 research outputs found
The complexity of dominating set reconfiguration
Suppose that we are given two dominating sets and of a graph
whose cardinalities are at most a given threshold . Then, we are asked
whether there exists a sequence of dominating sets of between and
such that each dominating set in the sequence is of cardinality at most
and can be obtained from the previous one by either adding or deleting
exactly one vertex. This problem is known to be PSPACE-complete in general. In
this paper, we study the complexity of this decision problem from the viewpoint
of graph classes. We first prove that the problem remains PSPACE-complete even
for planar graphs, bounded bandwidth graphs, split graphs, and bipartite
graphs. We then give a general scheme to construct linear-time algorithms and
show that the problem can be solved in linear time for cographs, trees, and
interval graphs. Furthermore, for these tractable cases, we can obtain a
desired sequence such that the number of additions and deletions is bounded by
, where is the number of vertices in the input graph
Token Jumping in minor-closed classes
Given two -independent sets and of a graph , one can ask if it
is possible to transform the one into the other in such a way that, at any
step, we replace one vertex of the current independent set by another while
keeping the property of being independent. Deciding this problem, known as the
Token Jumping (TJ) reconfiguration problem, is PSPACE-complete even on planar
graphs. Ito et al. proved in 2014 that the problem is FPT parameterized by
if the input graph is -free.
We prove that the result of Ito et al. can be extended to any
-free graphs. In other words, if is a -free
graph, then it is possible to decide in FPT-time if can be transformed into
. As a by product, the TJ-reconfiguration problem is FPT in many well-known
classes of graphs such as any minor-free class
Stellar dynamics in the central arcsecond of our galaxy
We present proper motions for 40 stars at projected distances
from Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We find evidence on a level for
radial anisotropy of the cluster of stars within of Sgr A*. We find no
evidence for a stationary source or variable source at the position of Sgr A*.
We confirm/find accelerated motion for 6 stars, with 4 stars having passed the
pericenter of their orbits during the observed time span. We
calculated/constrained the orbital parameters of these stars. All orbits have
moderate to high eccentricities. We discuss the possible bias in detecting
preferentially orbits with high eccentricities. We find that the center of
acceleration for all the orbits coincides with the radio position of Sgr A*.
From the orbit of the star S2, the currently most tightly constrained one, we
determine the mass of Sgr A* to be M and its
position to mas East and mas South of the nominal radio
position. The mass estimate for the central dark mass from the orbit of S2 is
fully consistent with the mass estimate of M
obtained from stellar proper motions within of Sgr A* using a
Leonard-Merritt mass estimator. We find that radio astronomical observations of
the proper motion of Sgr A* in combination with its intrinsic source size place
at the moment the tightest constraints on the mass density of Sgr A*, which
must exceed .Comment: 51 pages, 16 Figures, reviewed ms submitted to ap
On the Parameterized Complexity of Simultaneous Deletion Problems
For a family of graphs F, an n-vertex graph G, and a positive integer k, the F-Deletion problem asks whether we can delete at most k vertices from G to obtain a graph in F. F-Deletion generalizes many classical graph problems such as Vertex Cover, Feedback Vertex Set, and Odd Cycle Transversal. A (multi) graph G = (V, cup_{i=1}^{alpha} E_{i}), where the edge set of G is partitioned into alpha color classes, is called an alpha-edge-colored graph. A natural extension of the F-Deletion problem to edge-colored graphs is the Simultaneous (F_1, ldots, F_alpha)-Deletion problem. In the latter problem, we are given an alpha-edge-colored graph G and the goal is to find a set S of at most k vertices such that each graph G_i - S, where G_i = (V, E_i) and 1 leq i leq alpha, is in F_i. Recently, a subset of the authors considered the aforementioned problem with F_1 = ldots = F_alpha being the family of all forests. They showed that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by k and alpha, and can be solved in O(2^{O(alpha k)}n^{O(1)})
time. In this work, we initiate the investigation of the complexity of Simultaneous (F_1, ldots, F_alpha)-Deletion with different families of graphs. In the process, we obtain a complete characterization of the parameterized complexity of this problem when one or more of the F_i\u27s is the class of bipartite graphs and the rest (if any) are forests.
We show that if F_1 is the family of all bipartite graphs and each of F_2 = F_3 = ldots = F_alpha is the family of all forests then the problem is fixed-parameter tractable
parameterized by k and alpha. However, even when F_1 and F_2 are both the family of all bipartite graphs, then the Simultaneous (F_1, F_2)-Deletion} problem itself is already W[1]-hard
Dust Embedded Sources at the Galactic Center. 2 to 4m imaging and spectroscopy in the central parsec
We present the first L-band spectroscopic observations for a dozen stellar
sources in the central 0.5 pc of the GC stellar cluster that are bright in the
2-4 micron wavelength domain. With the aid of additional K-band spectroscopic
data, we derive optical depth spectra of the sources after fitting their
continuum emission with a single reddened blackbody continuum. We also derive
intrinsic source spectra by correcting the line of sight extinction via the
optical depth spectrum of a late type star that is most likely not affected by
local dust emission or extinction at the Galactic Center. The good agreement
between the two approaches shows that the overall variation of the
line-of-sight extinction across the central 0.5 pc is mag. The extinction corrected spectra of the hot
He-stars are in good agreement with pure Rayleigh Jeans continuum spectra. The
intrinsic spectra of all other sources are in agreement with continuum emission
and absorption features due to the dust in which they are embedded. We
interprete both facts as evidence that a significant amount of the absorption
takes place within the central parsec of the Galactic Center and is most likely
associated with the individual sources there. We find absorption features at
3.0 micron, 3.4 micron, and 3.48 micron wavelength. Correlations between all
three features show that they are very likely to arise in the ISM of the
central 0.5 pc. Spectroscopy of high MIR-excess sources 0.5'' north of the IRS
13 complex is largely consistent with them being YSOs. However, a bow-shock
nature of these sources cannot be excluded.Comment: 19 pages. 19 figures. 6 tables. Accepted in A&
Reconfiguration of Cliques in a Graph
We study reconfiguration problems for cliques in a graph, which determine
whether there exists a sequence of cliques that transforms a given clique into
another one in a step-by-step fashion. As one step of a transformation, we
consider three different types of rules, which are defined and studied in
reconfiguration problems for independent sets. We first prove that all the
three rules are equivalent in cliques. We then show that the problems are
PSPACE-complete for perfect graphs, while we give polynomial-time algorithms
for several classes of graphs, such as even-hole-free graphs and cographs. In
particular, the shortest variant, which computes the shortest length of a
desired sequence, can be solved in polynomial time for chordal graphs,
bipartite graphs, planar graphs, and bounded treewidth graphs
Role of the Subunits Interactions in the Conformational Transitions in Adult Human Hemoglobin: an Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics Study
Hemoglobin exhibits allosteric structural changes upon ligand binding due to
the dynamic interactions between the ligand binding sites, the amino acids
residues and some other solutes present under physiological conditions. In the
present study, the dynamical and quaternary structural changes occurring in two
unligated (deoxy-) T structures, and two fully ligated (oxy-) R, R2 structures
of adult human hemoglobin were investigated with molecular dynamics. It is
shown that, in the sub-microsecond time scale, there is no marked difference in
the global dynamics of the amino acids residues in both the oxy- and the deoxy-
forms of the individual structures. In addition, the R, R2 are relatively
stable and do not present quaternary conformational changes within the time
scale of our simulations while the T structure is dynamically more flexible and
exhibited the T\rightarrow R quaternary conformational transition, which is
propagated by the relative rotation of the residues at the {\alpha}1{\beta}2
and {\alpha}2{\beta}1 interface.Comment: Reprinted (adapted) with permission from J. Phys. Chem. B
DOI:10.1021/jp3022908. Copyright (2012) American Chemical Societ
A thermal cycling reliability study of ultrasonically bonded copper wires
In this work we report on a reliability investigation regarding heavy copper wires ultrasonically bonded onto active braze copper substrates. The results obtained from both a non-destructive approach using 3D X-ray tomography and shear tests showed no discernible degradation or wear out from initial conditions to 2900 passive thermal cycles from − 55 to 125 °C. Instead, an apparent increase in shear strength is observed as the number of thermal cycles increases. Nanoindentation hardness investigations suggest the occurrence of cyclic hardening. Microstructural investigations of the interfacial morphologies before and after cycling and after shear testing are also presented and discussed
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