Insights into the stable isotope ratio variability of hybrid grape varieties: a preliminary study

Background: Official stable isotope databases, based on the analysis of (D/H)I ethanol , (D/H)II ethanol , δ13 Cethanol and δ18 Owater of wine, are an indispensable tool for establishing the limits beyond which the mislabeling or the addition of sugar and/or water in wine production can be detected. The present study investigates, for the first time, whether the use of hybrid varieties instead of European Vitis vinifera for wine production can have an impact on the stable isotope ratios. Results: The analyses were performed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry and site-specific natural isotope fractionation by nuclear magnetic resonance, in accordance with the official methods of the International Organization of Grapes and Wine. The comparison shows the tendency of some stable isotope ratios of hybrid varieties, in particular (D/H)I , to deviate from the regional averages of the V. vinifera samples. Notably, Baron, Monarch and Regent showed significantly different values at one of the two sampling sites. Particularly high δ13 C values characterize Helios compared to other hybrid varieties. Conclusion: For the first time, and from an isotopic point of view, the present study investigates the wine obtained from hybrid varieties, showing that further attention should be paid to their interpretation, on the basis of the database established according to the European Regulation 2018/273. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry

A note on the consistency of Hybrid Eulerian/Lagrangian approach to multiphase flows

The aim of the present paper is to introduce and to discuss inconsistencies errors that may arise when Eulerian and Lagrangian models are coupled for the simulations of turbulent poly-dispersed two-phase flows. In these hydrid models, two turbulence models are in fact implicitely used at the same time and it is essential to check that they are consistent, in spite of their apparent different formulations. This issue appears in particular in the case of very-small particles, or tracer-limit particles, and it is shown that coupling inconsistent turbulence models (Eulerian and Lagrangian) can result in non-physical results, notably for second-order fluid velocity moments. This problem is illustrated by some computations for fluid particles in a turbulent channel flow using several coupling strategies.Comment: 14 pages, 3 figure

Explaining doping in material research (Hf substitution in ZnO films) by directly quantifying the van der Waals force

Non-monotonic behavior has been observed in the optoelectronic properties of ZnO thin films as doped with Hf (HZO). Here we propose that two competing mechanisms are responsible for such behaviour. Specifically, we propose that provided two crystal orientations dominate film growth, only one of them might be responsible for direct Hf substitution. Nonmonotonic behaviour is expected at once by considering that preferential growth of the crystal that allows for direct Hf substitution is inhibited by Hf concentration in the manufacturing process. This inhibition would also be a thermodynamic consequence of Hf substitution. Maxima in Hf substitution is thus reached at a point where enough crystals exhibit the preferential orientation, and where enough Hf is present on the surface for substitution. Outside this optimum scenario, Hf substitution can only decrease. We interpret the surface phenomena by discussing surface energy and the van der Waals forces as measured experimentally by means of atomic force microscopy

Ethyl carbamate formation in sub-optimal wine storage conditions and influence of the yeast starter

Aim: To evaluate the potential risk of ethyl carbamate (EC) formation in wine by studying its production kinetics at suboptimal storage temperatures.Methods and results: The kinetics of EC formation was investigated in 60 white wines obtained from 6 varietal juices fermented with 10 yeast strains. The wines were analysed for their urea content at bottling, then EC formation was monitored during in-bottle storage at &lt; 12 °C for 150 days followed by 152 days at 40 °C. Storage at &lt; 12 °C had no effect on EC formation, regardless of initial urea content ; however, at 40 °C we found a positive correlation between initial urea content and final EC content.Conclusion: Urea content higher than 20 mg/L in wine kept at 40 °C can produce from 15 up to 30 μg/L EC in less than 5 days. Two yeast strains, La Claire SP665 and Maurivin Platinum, minimised the urea in wine, reducing the risk of EC formation.Significance and impact of the study: The temperatures used in this study can be accidentally - but easily - reached during suboptimal wine storage and shipping, and in the presence of substantial amounts of urea, the EC level can exceed the warning levels established by some countries in just a few days. The paper confirms the importance of minimising urea production in wine and controlling temperature during storage and shipping.</p

Comparison of European Müller-Thurgau clones grown in Alpine area

Müller-Thurgau (MT) has a remarkable importance for Trentino, a region in the Italian Alps where MT grows on 900 ha in hilly areas from 200 to 800 m a.s.l. Since the '90s, this surface is tripled and now represents the 9 % of the total regional vineyard. This motivated both studies to select new clones fitting for the specific climatic conditions and investigations on the most promising clones already available. Here we present the results of a comparison among 6 clones, one from France (ENTAV 646) and the others from Germany (the classics Wü 7-5 and Gm 18, and the "new entries" Gm 68-10, Gm 68-13 and Gm 68-16). All have been studied in 28 climatic, agronomic and landscape "contexts" (4 years, pergola or upright vertical canopies, plots at various altitudes between 450 and 650 m a.s.l., different agronomical managements ...). In each context, the grapes have been harvested at the same date, 2-3 days before the technological harvest defined by the wineries. The basic analysis of the juice were carried out using a FT-IR approach, while the free and bound varietal aroma compounds, after fixing on ENV+ cartridge and elution, were measured using a GC-MS/MS equipped with a triple quadrupole. The bound fraction was hydrolised using Rapidase Ar2000 (40°C x 12 h). Statistical analysis (Anova, main effects: clone and context; Fisher's LSD test) was performed with STATISTICA v. 8.0. We present the clone performances regarding the sensibility to Botritys and bunch stem necrosis, and several classic vegetative and productive parameters. Moreover, the free and bound aroma composition of the juices is discussed focusing on the compounds with a possible role on the future sensory characteristics of wine. Wü 7-5 and ENTAV 646 confirmed to fit for the region. Gm 18 showed a troubling sensibility to Botrytis. This negative characteristic has been improved in particular in the new clones Gm 68-10 and Gm 68-13, the latter being, in general, the most promisin

Profundización del conocimiento sobre el aroma de las variedades de vinos tintos resistentes a los hongos producidos en Trentino

Concern about health and environmental care by wine consumers is increasing over the last years, focusing the interest on wines produced by low chemical production practices. One of the potential strategies is to shift from a treatment-oriented approach to a disease-prevention approach by the utilization of mold-resistant varieties, usually known as hybrid grapes or interspecific crossings. In this study, the wines produced from five resistant varieties bred at the State Institute of Viticulture and Oenology of Freiburg (Cabernet Cantor, Cabernet Cortis, Cabernet Carbon, Prior and Regent) and coming from experimental plots sited in the Province of Trento were investigated. Wines were subjected to orthonasal evaluation, and the volatile profile studied by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). The selected regions of the chromatograms were further investigated by GC-MSLa preocupación por el cuidado de la salud y el medio ambiente por parte de los consumidores de vino está aumentando en los últimos años, centrándose el interés en los vinos elaborados con prácticas de producción de bajo impacto en el uso de productos químico. Una de las estrategias potenciales es pasar de un enfoque orientado al tratamiento químico a un enfoque de prevención de enfermedades mediante la utilización de variedades resistentes a hongos, generalmente conocidas como uvas híbridas o cruzamientos interespecíficos. En este estudio, se investigaron los vinos elaborados a partir de cinco variedades resistentes cultivadas en el Instituto Estatal de Viticultura y Enología de Friburgo (Cabernet Cantor, Cabernet Cortis, Cabernet Carbon, Prior y Regent) y provenientes de parcelas experimentales ubicadas en la Provincia de Trento. Los vinos fueron sometidos a evaluación olfativa, y el perfil volátil estudiado por cromatografía de gases-olfatometría (GC-O). Las regiones seleccionadas de los cromatogramas fueron investigadas en detalle por GC-M

Sampling cambial region and mature xylem for non structural carbohydrates and starch analyses

This paper describes a procedure to analyze non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and starch in xylem and cambial region extracted by the scraping method. An application on woody logs of 2-year-old Populus×canadensis Mönch 'I-214' during tree-ring formation is reported. Samples are freeze-dried in liquid nitrogen and, successively, the bark is removed. After drying, the breaks between bark and xylem take place in correspondence of differentiating xylem cells. The cambial region with the differentiating phloem and xylem is gently scraped with a razor blade from the inner side of the bark and the outermost side of the stem, respectively. Additionally the mature xylem is milled until obtaining a powder. The amount of the cambial region collected by scraping changes with respect to the width of the differentiating zone (differentiating phloem and xylem), with higher amount of dry matter obtained during the maximum rate of xylem formation and high stem water content. After extraction of the powder in an ethanol solution and centrifugation, the supernatant and the resulting pellet are used for assessing the contents of non structural carbohydrates (NSC) and starch, respectively. NSC are determined using the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis and starch by colorimetric method. In both cambial region and xylem, the major NSC are glucose and fructose which represented together more than 80% of the total NSC during wood formation. However, the total NSC are higher in cambial region compared to xylem, especially when the xylem and phloem are differentiating. The scraping technique provides the possibility to sample cambial region during the year, allowing the investigation of metabolic changes during tree-ring formation

Risk factors for surgical site infection in colon surgery in our population

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common nosocomial infection in surgical patients with an incidence that varies between 5-30%. Objective: Identify the risk factors for SSI in colonic surgery in our population. The secondary aims are to determine the incidence and type of SSI, as well as the incidence of an anastomotic leakage (AL). Methods: Case-control study of patients undergoing colectomy between 2010-2014 at the Hospital Privado Univeristario de Córdoba and Hospital Raúl Ferreyra. Conventional and laparoscopic interventions, with a 30-day postoperative follow up, between 20-85 years and an ASA I-III were included. Patients undergoing emergency surgery and recto-anal resections were excluded. SSI was defined as an infection that occurred within 30 days after surgery. Results: We included 238 patients. SSI was diagnosed in 27.7% (n=66) of the patients of which 12.2% were superficial, 4.6% deep incisional and 10.9% organ/space. Multivariate analysis showed that SSI was independently associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR] 3.15; IC95%:1.43-6.92; p=0.004), having undergone previous chemotherapy (OR 6.72; IC95%:1.48-30.93; p=0.01), need for conversion (OR 3.32; IC95%:1.13-9.77; p=0.02), reintervention within the 30 postoperative days (OR 12.34; IC95%:2.65-57.37, p=0.001) and AL (OR 12.83; IC95%:2.97- 55.5; p=0.001). AL had an incidence of 9.6%, of which 91% presented SSI and all were organ/space. Conclusion: We found that male sex, having undergone previous chemotherapy, conversion, reintervention within 30 postoperative days and AL are risk factors for SSI in our population. These results should be considered in implementing preventive measures for SSI.</p

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN