Transformation of the Forecast Assessment of Expected Credit Losses in Monitoring and Assessment of Credit Risk in Commercial Banks

The article presents the results of the systematization of issues arising in connection with the transformation of the banks forecast assessment of expected credit losses during the monitoring and evaluation of credit risk in commercial banks. Based on the data obtained on the introduction of IFRS 9 "Financial instruments" into the banking sector, it is concluded that in banking practice there is uncertainty regarding the long-term impact of credit risk, and there are significant difficulties with the use of a large amount of additional information, which creates certain difficulties in calculating future credit losses of banks. It is noted that the current use of the model of predictive assessment of expected credit losses of customers in the monitoring and evaluation of credit risk in the bank should take into account the selected collective or individual basis of assessment. The article presents a comprehensive approach to the use of the impairment model of expected losses in banking as a basic tool for modeling expected credit losses in order to form provisions for impairment with the allocation. The modification of this model will depend on the specifics of the bank's credit activities and portfolio, the types of its financial instruments, the sources of available information, as well as the IT systems used. Validation of this model will reduce the expected credit losses, reduce the amount of estimated reserves, as well as improve the efficiency of the Bank as a whole

Evaluation of methods of modeling and formation of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by intradermal injection of homogenate of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerve with Freund’s stimulator, refers to a true autoimmune disease of the nervous syste

Аналіз методів системи самообслуговування на АЗС

Аналіз методів системи самообслуговування на АЗС = Analysis of self service system methods at GAS stations / О. В. Гайдаєнко, Г. С. Морозова, Н. В. Тендітна, М. В. Щербинін // Зб. наук. пр. НУК. – Миколаїв : НУК, 2020. – № 3 (481). – С. 72–78.Анотація. Під час дослідження були розглянуті методи обслуговування на сучасних АЗС. Враховуючи те, що з кожним роком збільшується кількість авто в Україні, часто можна спостерігати ситуацію, коли на АЗС виникають черги і сварки через довге обслуговування. Конкуренція між АЗС має безліч факторів, але одними із основних є якість пального та час обслуговування, чи є робітники, які заправлять вам авто, чи є термінали самообслуговування або колонки із вбудованим терміналом самообслуговування, яке ставлення працівників АЗС до своїх клієнтів. Аналіз ринку АЗС в Україні є важливою та актуальною темою. В ході дослідження теми було встановлено, що для роботи обслуговування на АЗС найбільше підходить метод масового обслуговування, а саме системи масового обслуговування в потоці. Під час дослідження також було розглянуто основні проблеми обслуговування, історію технічного прогресу у сфері обслуговування на АЗС, визначено майбутню ефективність запропонованої технології порівняно з існуючими. Основними параметрами роботи АЗС, які позитивно впливають на задоволеність клієнтів, є якісне паливо, зручність розташування, ввічливість і доброзичливість операторів, швидкість обслуговування, чистота на АЗС. З усіх параметрів можна виділити два основних, а саме: час обслуговування і якість пального. Час обслуговування залежить від способу обслуговування. Є три способи обслуговування, а саме: обслуговування персоналом, обслуговування терміналом, обслуговування за допомогою колонки з терміналом самообслуговування, у кожного з яких є свої переваги і недоліки. У Європі термінали самообслуговування змінюють на колонки із вбудованим терміналом і модернізують ПЗ в них. В Україні, на жаль, можна побачити, що лише на одиницях АЗС стоять термінали самообслуговування, а автозаправні колонки із вбудованим терміналом – це взагалі з розділу фантастики. Для більшого задоволення клієнтів послуги мають автоматизуватися, тому введення у роботу на АЗС мережах в Україні колонок самообслуговування украй необхідне. Ми прагнемо довести, що обладнання, яке обслуговує клієнтів напряму, впливає на рівень лояльності та задоволеності клієнтів і підвищує швидкість обслуговування, збільшує економічну ефективність АЗС, що довели результати дослідження.Abstract. During the study, the methods of service at modern gas stations were considered and given the fact that every year the number of cars in Ukraine can often be observed when there are queues and quarrels at gas stations due to long service, competition between gas stations has many factors but one of the main is quality fuel and service time, whether there are workers who will refuel your car, whether there are self-service terminals or speakers with a built-in self-service terminal, what is the attitude of gas station employees to their customers. Analysis of the gas station market in Ukraine is an important and relevant topic. During the research of the topic, it was found that the method of queuing, namely the queuing system in the flow, is the most suitable for the work of service at the gas station. The study also considered the main problems of service, the history of technical progress in the field of service at the gas station, determined the future effectiveness of the proposed technology compared to existing ones. The main parameters of gas station operation, which positively affect customer satisfaction are quality fuel, convenience of location, courtesy and friendliness of operators, speed of service, cleanliness at gas stations and opportunity. Of all the parameters, two main ones can be distinguished, namely service time and fuel quality. Service time depends on the method of service. There are three ways of service, namely personnel service, terminal service, service by means of a column with the self-service terminal, each of these methods has the advantages and disadvantages. While in Europe, self-service terminals are being replaced by speakers with a built-in terminal and software is being upgraded, in Ukraine, unfortunately, you can see that only gas station units have self-service terminals, and gas stations with a built-in terminal are generally from the fiction section for more fun customer service should be automated and the introduction of self-service columns in gas stations in Ukraine is essential, so I decided to prove that customer service equipment directly affects customer loyalty and satisfaction and increases service speed, increases the economic efficiency of gas stations and research results this is definitely proven

A Novel Small Molecule Supports the Survival of Cultured Dopamine Neurons and May Restore the Dopaminergic Innervation of the Brain in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

We previously showed that monoterpenoid (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol 1 alleviates motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease in animal models. In the present study, we designed and synthesized monoepoxides of (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol 1 and evaluated their biological activity in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We also assessed the ability of these compounds to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). According to these data, we chose epoxide 4, which potently restored the locomotor activity in MPTP-treated mice and efficiently penetrated the BBB, to further explore its potential mechanism of action. Epoxide 4 was found to robustly promote the survival of cultured dopamine neurons, protect dopamine neurons against toxin-induced degeneration, and trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in cells of neuronal origin. Meanwhile, neither the survival-promoting effect nor MAPK activation was observed in non-neuronal cells treated with epoxide 4. In the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease, compound 4 increased the density of dopamine neuron fibers in the striatum, which can highlight its potential to stimulate striatal reinnervation and thus halt disease progression. Taken together, these data indicate that epoxide 4 can be a promising compound for further development, not only as a symptomatic but also as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative drug for Parkinson's disease.Peer reviewe

Revealing Specific Features of Structure Formation in Composites Based on Nanopowders of Synthesized Zirconium Dioxide

Peculiarities of formation of microstructure in composites based on chemically synthesized zirconium nanopowders obtained by the method of decomposition from fluoride salts were considered. Hydrofluoric acid, concentrated nitric acid, aqueous ammonia solution, metallic zirconium, and polyvinyl alcohol were used. It was established that the reduction of porosity in nanopowders in the sintering process is the main problem in the formation of high-density materials. Analysis of various initial nanopowders, their morphology, and features of sintering by the method of hot pressing with direct transmission of electric current was made. Peculiarities of obtaining the composites based on them with the addition of Al2O3 nanopowders applying the electric sintering method were considered. It was shown that the increase in the content of alumina nano additives leads to an increase in strength and crack resistance of the samples due to simultaneous inhibition of abnormal grain growth and formation of a finer structure with a high content of tetragonal phase. The influence of sintering modes on the formation of the microstructure of zirconium nanopowders has been studied for different contents of alumina additives. Electric current promotes the surface activity of nanopowders and its variable value promotes partial fragmentation of agglomerated grains thus affecting the composite structure. Physical-mechanical properties of the obtained samples, optimal compositions of mixtures, and possibilities of improving some parameters were determined. It was found that nanopowders of zirconium dioxide obtained by the method of decomposition from fluoride salts are quite suitable for the production of composite materials with high physical and mechanical properties. They can compete with imported analogs and enable obtaining of crack resistance of 7.8 MPa·m1/2 and strength of 820 MPa

Progression of HCC in Mice Is Associated with a Downregulation in the Expression of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factors

Hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF) play a critical role in development of the liver. Their roles during liver tumorigenesis and progression of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) are, however, poorly understood. To address the role of HNFs in tumor progression, we generated a new experimental model in which a highly differentiated slow-growing transplantable mouse HCC (sgHCC) rapidly gives rise in vivo to a highly invasive fast-growing dedifferentiated variant (fgHCC). This in vivo model has allowed us to investigate the fundamental mechanisms underlying HCC progression. A complete loss of cell polarity, a decrease in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion, elevation of telomerase activity, and extinction of liver-specific gene expression accompanies tumor progression. Moreover, cells isolated from fgHCCs acquired the ability to proliferate rapidly in culture. These alterations were coupled with a reduced expression of several liver transcription factors including HNF4, a factor essential for hepatocyte differentiation. Forced re-expression of HNF4α1 in cultured fgHCC cells reversed the progressive phenotype and induced fgHCC cells to reestablish an epithelium and reform cell-ECM contacts. Moreover, fgHCC cells that expressed HNF4α1 also re-established expression of the profile of liver transcription factors and hepatic genes that are associated with a differentiated hepatocyte phenotype. Importantly, re-expression of HNF4α1 in fgHCC reduced the proliferation rate in vitro and diminished tumor formation in congenic recipient mice. In conclusion, loss of HNF4 expression is an important determinant of HCC progression. Forced expression of this factor can promote reversion of tumors toward a less invasive highly differentiated slow-growing phenotype