コクサイ ヘイワ イジ カツドウ ノ ブリョク コウシ ニカンシテ : MONUC ト KFOR オ ケース ニ

本論は、国際平和維持活動における伝統的な課題である武力行使について論じる。平和維持活動、とりわけ平和執行部隊における武力行使は、国際連合(国連)や地域機構を代表とする非国連におけるミッション双方によって積極的に推進された経緯があり、それと同時にケース・スタディーとして多く論文等においてミッションの武力行使について論じられてきた。本論では、中でもコンゴ民主共和国における国連ミッションであるMONUCとコソボにおけるNATO のミッションであるKFOR の2 つの平和執行部隊の武力行使に関する効果について調査をした。その結果、武力行使においては兵力の規模や軍備の精度は過大評価されるべきではないという結論に至った。本論では、平和活動における武力行使や派遣国のあり方は国際的に規定されるべきであり、さらに派遣されるタイミングや、それに至る準備やPKO 要員の意識の高さ、さらには強健な政治的な意志も重要な要因であると結論付けている。This paper deals with one of the traditional issues on international peacekeeping operations,the use of force. The use of force by peacekeeping operations, especially, peace-enforcement has been positively advocated by UN and non-UN missions, and a number of "lesson-learned" type of publications were identified. This paper then focuses on the two peace-enforcement operations led by the UN and NATO, namely, MONUC (Mission de l\u27Organisation des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo; United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and KFOR (Kosovo Force) in Kosovo and examines the effectiveness of the use of force in those operations. This paper concludes that one should not overestimate the use of force in peace operations simply with a large number of troops and sophisticated equipment. This paper recommends that peace operations, especially in terms of the use of force and its contributing states, should be more regulated with an international consensus. The cases of MONUC and KFOR are strong indicators that the timing, preparedness and awareness, and the political will of robust operations are also important factors for the use of force in international peacekeepin

コクサイ ヘイワ イジ カツドウ ノ ブリョク コウシ ニカンシテ : MONUC ト KFOR オ ケース ニ

本論は、国際平和維持活動における伝統的な課題である武力行使について論じる。平和維持活動、とりわけ平和執行部隊における武力行使は、国際連合(国連)や地域機構を代表とする非国連におけるミッション双方によって積極的に推進された経緯があり、それと同時にケース・スタディーとして多く論文等においてミッションの武力行使について論じられてきた。本論では、中でもコンゴ民主共和国における国連ミッションであるMONUCとコソボにおけるNATO のミッションであるKFOR の2 つの平和執行部隊の武力行使に関する効果について調査をした。その結果、武力行使においては兵力の規模や軍備の精度は過大評価されるべきではないという結論に至った。本論では、平和活動における武力行使や派遣国のあり方は国際的に規定されるべきであり、さらに派遣されるタイミングや、それに至る準備やPKO 要員の意識の高さ、さらには強健な政治的な意志も重要な要因であると結論付けている。This paper deals with one of the traditional issues on international peacekeeping operations,the use of force. The use of force by peacekeeping operations, especially, peace-enforcement has been positively advocated by UN and non-UN missions, and a number of "lesson-learned" type of publications were identified. This paper then focuses on the two peace-enforcement operations led by the UN and NATO, namely, MONUC (Mission de l\u27Organisation des Nations Unies en Republique democratique du Congo; United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and KFOR (Kosovo Force) in Kosovo and examines the effectiveness of the use of force in those operations. This paper concludes that one should not overestimate the use of force in peace operations simply with a large number of troops and sophisticated equipment. This paper recommends that peace operations, especially in terms of the use of force and its contributing states, should be more regulated with an international consensus. The cases of MONUC and KFOR are strong indicators that the timing, preparedness and awareness, and the political will of robust operations are also important factors for the use of force in international peacekeepin

The Japanese classification of computed tomography for pneumoconioses with standard films: comparison with the ILO international classification of radiographs for pneumoconioses

Computed tomography (CT) has recently come to be used for personal diagnosis of pneumoconioses and preliminarily for epidemiological purposes. This study aimed to compare the diagnosis of pneumoconioses b y t h e J a p a n e s e C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f C T f o r Pneumoconioses (Hosoda-Shida Classification) with that by the ILO International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses (ILO 1980 standard). The Hosoda-Shida Classification is also described in this article. Subjects and Methods: CT and chest posterior-anterior X-ray (CXR) were performed in 21 subjects with an occupational history of mining, and 6 subject without exposure to any risk of pneumoconiosis. Three radiologists independently described the findings of CT and CXR according to both the Hosoda-Shida Classification and the ILO 1980 standard, respectively. Results: At least two of the three readers agreed in determining both the profusion and the type of small rounded opacities in 96% (26/27) of the CT films. The inter-reader agreement of profusion was satisfactory Received May 25, 2000; Accepted Oct 3, 2000 Correspondence to: N. Suganuma, Department of Environmental Health, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, Fukui 910-1193 with the Cohen's weighted kappa value of 0.57 to 0.71. The weighted kappa for CXR and CT in describing the profusion and the type of small rounded opacities were 0.70 and 0.77, respectively. Conclusion: The HosodaShida Classification for pneumoconioses is shown to be reliable and compatible with the ILO 1980 standard in describing the profusion and the type of small opacities. (J Occup Health 2001; 43: 24-31

Stability of Breakwater Armor Units against Tsunami Attacks

The design of breakwater armour units against tsunami attacks has received little attention in the past because of the comparative low frequency of these events and the rarity of structures designed specifically to withstand them. However, field surveys of recent events, such as the 2011 Great Eastern Japan Earthquake Tsunami and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, have shown flaws in the design of protection structures. During these extreme events, many breakwaters suffered partial or catastrophic damage. Although it is to be expected that most normal structures fail due to such high order events, practicing engineers need to possess tools to design certain important breakwaters that should not fail even during level 2 events. Research into the design of critical structures that only partially fail (i.e., “resilient” or “tenacious” structures) during a very extreme level 2 tsunami event should be prioritized in the future, and in this sense the present paper proposes a formula that allows the estimation of armour unit damage depending on the tsunami wave height

Biochemical evidence for the tyrosine involvement in cationic intermediate stabilization in mouse β-carotene 15, 15'-monooxygenase

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCMO1) catalyzes the crucial first step in vitamin A biosynthesis in animals. We wished to explore the possibility that a carbocation intermediate is formed during the cleavage reaction of BCMO1, as is seen for many isoprenoid biosynthesis enzymes, and to determine which residues in the substrate binding cleft are necessary for catalytic and substrate binding activity. To test this hypothesis, we replaced substrate cleft aromatic and acidic residues by site-directed mutagenesis. Enzymatic activity was measured <it>in vitro </it>using His-tag purified proteins and <it>in vivo </it>in a β-carotene-accumulating <it>E. coli </it>system.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our assays show that mutation of either Y235 or Y326 to leucine (no cation-π stabilization) significantly impairs the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Moreover, mutation of Y326 to glutamine (predicted to destabilize a putative carbocation) almost eliminates activity (9.3% of wt activity). However, replacement of these same tyrosines with phenylalanine or tryptophan does not significantly impair activity, indicating that aromaticity at these residues is crucial. Mutations of two other aromatic residues in the binding cleft of BCMO1, F51 and W454, to either another aromatic residue or to leucine do not influence the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Our <it>ab initio </it>model of BCMO1 with β-carotene mounted supports a mechanism involving cation-π stabilization by Y235 and Y326.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our data are consistent with the formation of a substrate carbocation intermediate and cation-π stabilization of this intermediate by two aromatic residues in the substrate-binding cleft of BCMO1.</p