Servicios profesionales ¿una alternativa para el comercio internacional colombiano?

En los inicios del siglo XXI el comercio de servicios en general comienza a dominar el mundo, esto como resultado de los procesos de globalización de la economía y el desarrollo y aplicación de la tecnología de la información a todos los campos del saber. En esta nueva sociedad marcada por la importancia del conocimiento, los bienes ceden terreno a los servicios como elemento vital para el comercio internacional en razón a que estos últimos son capaces de proveer mayores rentabilidades y concentrar mayor cantidad de valor agregado, además los bienes sin el soporte de un servicio muchas veces son insuficientes para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes. Y son precisamente estas las razones por las cuales para el comercio de servicios demanda legislaciones, acuerdos, clasificaciones, estrategias para comercializarlos, entre otras acciones que permitan aumentar el nivel transaccional. Este documento plantea la importancia de los servicios en general para el comercio internacional, las condiciones en las que se comercializan los servicios y la oportunidad que representan para el crecimiento económico. Así mismo realiza una revisión al contexto de los servicios profesionales en Colombia, su oportunidad de expansión como una tendencia de las economías emergentes y presenta algunas consideraciones al respecto.In the early twenty-first century trade in services in general begins to dominate the world, this as a result of the globalization of the economy and the development and application and application of information technology to all fields. In this new society marked by the importance of knowledge, goods losing ground to services as vital element to international trade for the reason that the latter are able to provide higher returns and concentrate as much added value, in addition the goods without the support of a service are often insufficient to meet the needs of customers. It is precisely for these reasons which to demand services trade legislation, agreements, classifications, strategies to market, among other actions to increase the transactional level. This paper discusses the importance of services in general for international trade, the conditions under which the services are marketed and the opportunity it represents for economic growth. Also we review the context of professional services in Colombia, the opportunity for expansion as an emerging trend and presents some considerations about it

Dark energy in quantum field theory: Implications on modern cosmology

In this dissertation, the nature of Dark Energy (DE) is examined from both theoretical and phenomenological perspectives. The possibility of DE being a dynamic quantity in quantum field theory (QFT) in curved spacetime is studied. The primary aim is to go beyond the usual approach that relies on ad hoc fields and instead treat DE as a quantum vacuum under appropriate QFT renormalization. Specifically, the dynamic behavior of DE could arise from quantum vacuum fluctuations in the Universe, evolving alongside the background expansion. Thus, the evolution of the vacuum energy density can be expressed in terms of the Hubble function and its derivatives, $\rho_{\rm vac} =\rho_{\rm vac}(H)$. This approach yields a significant revelation: the equation of state of the quantum vacuum, derived from first principles, deviates from its traditional constant value of $w_{\rm vac}=-1$. Additionally, a new inflationary mechanism emerges in this context, rooted in the quantum effects in curved spacetime. Moreover, the thesis displays a phenomenological exploration of two related models that go beyond the $\Lambda$CDM model: the Brans-Dicke model with a cosmological constant and the Running Vacuum Model, which is related to the QFT calculations. These models have been tested under different datasets and scenarios to determine the constraints on their free parameters. The results of the fits are presented and discussed in relation to cosmological tensions concerning $H_0$ and $\sigma_8$. The conclusions drawn from this thesis indicate promising signals of the dynamic behavior of quantum vacuum, potentially impacting the cosmological constant problem and the cosmological tensions.Comment: PhD Thesi

Caracterización de sistemas de producción y estrategias de comercialización de las explotaciones de cerdo ibérico de Extremadura (España)

Resumo: Caraterização dos sistemas de produção e estratégias de marketing de explorações de suínos ibéricos na Extremadura (Espanha). A produção extensiva de porcos ibéricos é muito importante para a Extremadura em 2012 pois representou um 13% da produção agrícola total. Atualmente, o setor está a passar por uma crise estrutural que ameaça a sobrevivência de muitas explorações agrícolas. Os agricultores estão a tomar decisões que afetam o sistema extensivo tradicional, com o risco que isso representa para o meio ambiente e áreas rurais. O objetivo deste projeto é ampliar e aprofundar o conhecimento das explorações de suínos localizadas na Extremadura, utilizando parâmetros produtivos e comerciais. Para isso, analisámos os dados obtidos através de inquéritos a gerentes e proprietários de explorações extensivas de suínos. Foram identificados diferentes indicadores relacionados com a exploração, que permitiram identificar, por meio de análise fatorial e de análise de cluster, as melhores estratégias adotadas pelos agricultores para se adaptarem à nova situação do setor. Os resultados mostraram que as melhores estratégias são a orientação das explorações mistas com bovinos e suínos. Dentro do suíno extensivo, a opção de ração a bolota teve os melhores resultados económicos, sendo a estratégia de maior rendimento a das explorações que não têm reprodutoras, mas que compram os leitões para os engordar a ração de bolota; Abstract: Characterization of production systems and marketing strategies of Iberian pig farms in Extremadura (Spain) Extensive pig production systems are very important for Extremadura as they represented about 13 % of 2012 Final Agricultural Production. Nowadays, the sector is going through a structural crisis that is threatening the subsistence of many farms. The producers are taking decisions that may affect the extensive traditional farming systems with the risk that it entails both for environment and for rural areas. The aim of this study is to widen and to deepen the knowledge about pig farms located in Extremadura using both productive and commercial parameters. To that aim we have analyzed data obtained through surveys to owners and farm managers of extensive Iberian pig farms. Different indicators related to farm management have been defined. The analysis of these indicators by means of factor analysis and cluster analysis, has allowed the identification of the best strategies adopted by the farmers to adapt themselves to the present market situation. Results have shown that the best strategies are based on the orientation towards mixed livestock farming where pigs share the farms with cattle. Within the extensive pig production, mast-fed fattening has yielded the best economic results. Nevertheless, those pig farms without sows where piglets are bought to be mast-fed fattened reached the higher performance

Hydrodynamic changes in Guadalquivir estuary (Spain) due to a hypothetical tidal marsh restoration project

Tidal marsh restoration will be an important management issue in Guadalquivir Estuary in the near future. The Guadalquivir Estuary has been anthropologically modified several times, the river is bounded by embankments to protect rice and cotton plantations from tidal inundation, the meanders have been transformed into straight sections, about 80 % of the original marsh surface has been lost and approximately one-fourth of the total surface of the estuary is now part of two protected areas, one of them is a UNESCO, MAB Biosphere Reserve. A hypothetical restoration of tidal marshes will benefits different species and functions based on location, elevation, adjacent habitats, degree of hydrodynamic connectivity and would reduce the present high levels of turbidity. The restoration projects should be accompanied by studies for a better understanding of the environmental changes expected. A Large-scale construction of tidal marsh will change tidal dynamics, modify the tidal inundation regime and the freshwater flow over the surrounding areas. A hydrodynamic model has been developed to study changes in the tidal propagation and the flow regime due to a hypothetical marsh restoration. The model has been calibrated and the output has been validated with in situ water elevation and good agreement between modelled and real measurements have been obtained. A sensitivity test changing the size, locations from the estuary mouth and depth has been carried out to highlights impacts over the tidal propagation, flow regime, salinity intrusion and the tidal inundation regime. Our preliminary results show that the tidal elevation and the current speed will be considerably affected in the estuary. The model open the possibility to study interactions among the tidal marsh restoration project, Seville port operations, fisheries and agricultural activities. The numerical model will be a powerful tool in restoration projects in a complex socio-ecological system.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. Autoridad Portuaria de Sevill

Nuevas tecnologías y necesidades formativas de los directivos de comunicación en Andalucía

En esta era que algunos autores denominan mediática-digital, todos los agentes sociales y económicos requieren un amplio conocimiento y una correcta implementación de las estrategias de comunicación para convertir la comunicación en una clara ventaja competitiva y de creación de valor. En Andalucía, el desarrollo paulatino de la sociedad en los últimos 20 años han iniciado una serie de acontecimientos que cristalizan en una nueva etapa económico y social. En concreto, surge un tejido empresarial compuesto en su mayor parte por las denominadas pymes (pequeñas y medianas empresas) donde la comunicación surge como una necesidad. No obstante, carecen de departamentos propios de comunicación razón por la que subcontratan consultoras como departamentos externos de comunicación. Este artículo pretende abordar la formación y las características generales de los directivos del ámbito de las relaciones públicas en Andalucía partiendo de la siguiente premisa: la figura del Director de Comunicación parece cada vez más sólidamente asentada en las estructuras organizacionales con perfiles más precisos y con titulaciones cada vez más relacionadas con las relaciones públicas

Caso clínico de cáncer de mama localmente avanzado

Se presenta un caso clínico de cáncer de mama en el que existe invasión de la cadena mamaria interna sin previa afectación axilar. Se trata de una mujer de 49 años que mediante autoexploración se detecta un nódulo en la mama derecha. La enfermedad se diagnostica en un estadio localmente avanzado lo que posibilita un tratamiento conservador con intención curativa. Se discute el caso, incluyendo diagnóstico, posibilidades terapéuticas y resultados.OtroGrado en Medicin