The phase I at the early phoenician necropolis of Cortijo de San Isidro (Malaga Bay): Western reflections of a phoenician burial ritual at the end of the 9th century B.C.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer el estudio de la Tumba 1 documentada en la intervención arqueológica en la necrópolis fenicia arcaica Cortijo de San Isidro, enclave incluido dentro de la Zona Arqueológica Aeropuerto de Málaga. El enterramiento corresponde con una cremación depositada en una urna, recipiente que se coloca en el interior de una fosa. Ésta se caracteriza por la presencia de elementos cerámicos fenicios, a torno, que coexisten con piezas a mano, típicas de las sociedades autóctonas. La tumba presenta claros paralelismos con las excavadas en la necrópolis fenicia de Tiro-Al Bass, mostrando el mismo ajuar estandarizadoThe present essay has as aim to inform the study Of Tomb number 1, domented in the archeological intervention, in the Phoenician Archaic Necropolis in Cortijo San Isidro, enclave included within the archeological site Aeropuerto de Málaga.The burial is a cremation deposited in an urn, placed inside of a pit. It is characterized by the presence of phoenician pottery elements made by a lathe coexisting with handmade pieces,typical of the native societies. The tomb presents clear and several parallelims with the excavatesd in phoenician necropolis in Tiro- Al Bass, showing the same standardized grave good

Providencias cautelares, garantes constitucionales de prevención y protección sustentable de los territorios

En este artículo se aborda el significado y sentido de lo que es una medida cautelar y se encuentra, intuitivamente, una primera noción, la de entender el Derecho Ambiental como el derecho que protege la ecología como herramienta estratégica en el desarrollo y sustentabilidad de los diferentes territorios de Colombia. Su aplicabilidad surge como parte del estudio de las diversas formas de relación del hombre con la naturaleza dentro del derecho positivo, puesto que cuando se habla de derecho ambiental se pueden extractar tres elementos: Derecho, protección y medio ambiente. De igual forma, es de recordar que el ambiente en la actualidad es considerado como un bien jurídico tutelado por la legislación colombiana, porque hay una nueva visión en donde no es estudiado el derecho ambiental como un derecho sancionador, ante todo tiene una función preventiva para evitar y prevenir el daño a la naturaleza, ya que en ocasiones la reparación es dificil o en muchos casos imposible, por ello pretende “convencer más que imponer”; es un derecho que invoca la voluntariedad y busca estimular comportamientos de los seres humanos para con la naturaleza. Además, se analiza y discute su naturaleza como mecanismo para el fortalecimiento de los procesos de planificación del desarrollo, y su vínculo y diferencias con el proceso de planeación territorial tradicional. También se proporciona información acerca de su ámbito de acción y del papel que desempeña el derecho ambiental como una rama del ordenamiento jurídico, que regula actividades humanas con incidencia o impacto ambiental. Finalmente, se concluye sobre la importancia de las providencias cautelares, generando herramientas eficaces para transitar hacia la sustentabilidad del territorio a través de su protección oportuna, y las garantías necesarias para el goce efectivo de los derechos que emanan de la legislación ambiental.This article addresses the meaning and sense of what a precautionary measure is and intuitively addresses a first notion, that of understanding Environmental Law as the law that protects the environment as a strategic tool in the development and sustainability of the different Territories of Colombia. Its applicability arises as part of the study of the diverse forms of man's relationship with nature within positive law, since when we speak of environmental law three elements can be extracted: Law, protection and environment. In the same way it is good to remember that the environment is currently considered as a legal good protected by Colombian legislation, because there is a new vision where environmental law is not studied as a punitive law, above all it has a preventive function to avoid and prevent damage to nature because sometimes the repair is difficult or in many cases impossible. Therefore, it aims to “convince rather than impose”, it is a law that invokes voluntariness and seeks to stimulate human behavior towards nature. In addition, its nature as a mechanism for strengthening development planning processes and its link and differences with the traditional territorial planning process are analyzed and discussed. It also provides information about its scope of action and the role of environmental law as a branch of the legal system that regulates human activities with environmental incidence or impact. Finally, it concludes on the importance of precautionary measures, generating effective tools to move towards the sustainability of the Territory through its timely protection and the necessary guarantees for the effective enjoyment of the rights emanating from environmental legislation

Mathematical modelling of a membrane-less redox flow battery based on immiscible electrolytes

We present a mathematical model to study the steady-state performance of a membrane-less reversible redox flow battery formed by two immiscible electrolytes that spontaneously form a liquid-liquid system separated by a well defined interface. The model assumes a two-dimensional battery with two coflowing electrolytes and flat electrodes at the channel walls. In this configuration, the analysis of the far downstream solution indicates that the interface remains stable in all the parameter range covered by this study. To simplify the description of the problem, we use the dilute solution theory to decouple the calculation of the velocity and species concentration fields. Once the velocity field is known, we obtain the distribution of the mobile ionic species along with the current and the electric potential field of the flowing electrolyte solution. The numerical integration of the problem provides the variation of the battery current density Iapp with the State of Charge (SoC) for different applied cell voltages Vcell. A detailed analysis of the concentration density plots indicates that the normal operation of the battery is interrupted when reactant depletion is achieved near the negative electrode both during charge and discharge. The effect of the electrolyte flow on the performance of the system is studied by varying the Reynolds, Re and Péclet, Pe, numbers. As expected, the flow velocity only affects the polarization curve in the concentration polarization region, when is well below the equilibrium potential, resulting in limiting current densities that grow with Re......This work has been partially funded by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación under projects (PID2019-106740RB- I00 and PID2019-108592RB-C41/AEI/10.13039/50110 0 011033), by Grant IND2019/AMB-17273 of the Comunidad de Madrid and by project MFreeB which have received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 726217). D. Ruiz-Martín acknowledges the support of an FPI predoctoral fellowship (BES-2016-078629) under project ENE2015-68703-C2-1-R (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and the insigh- ful conversations with professor Mark Blyth during her research visit at the University of East Anglia (UK)

Interleukin 2 abrogates the nonresponsive state of T cells expressing a forbidden T cell receptor repertoire and induces autoimmune disease in neonatally thymectomized mice

El copyright pertenece a The Rockefeller University PressUnder physiological conditions, the vast majority of T cells differentiate in the thymus, an organ that provides an optimal microenvironment for T cell maturation and shapes the T cell repertoire via positive and negative selection processes. In the present report, we demonstrate that neonatal thymectomy of CBA/H mice results in a diminution of T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes), but is followed by a marked transient (12 wk) increase in Thy-1+ CD3+ cells in the peritoneal cavity. These cells exhibit predominantly a double-negative (CD4 - CD8 - ) phenotype among which products of the T cell receptor (TCR) VO11 gene family (i.e., an I-Ereactive TCR normally deleted in I-E-bearing CBA/H mice) are selectively overexpressed . This observation suggests that, under athymic conditions, T cell differentiation and/or accumulation may occur in the peritoneal cavity. Intraperitoneal inoculation of an interleukin 2 (IL2) vaccinia virus construct that releases high titers of human IIr2 in vivo induces conversion of these doublenegative T cells to either CD4+CD8 - or CD4-CD8+ single positives, and allows in vitro stimulation of TCR V,311-bearing cells with a clonotypic antiVO antibody. Since IL-2 induces autoimmune manifestations (DNA autoantibodies, rheumatoid factors, and interstitial nephritis) in thymectomized CBA/H mice, but not in sham-treated littermates, this lymphokine is likely to enhance the autoaggressive function of T cells that bear forbidden, potentially autoreactive TCR gene products and that are normally deleted in the thymus.Peer reviewe

Numerical analysis of the ballistic behaviour of Kevlar® composite under impact of double-nosed stepped cylindrical projectiles

This paper focuses on the numerical analysis of the ballistic performance of Kevlar ®-29 under impact of different doublenosed stepped cylindrical projectiles. Numerical modelling based on finite element method was carried out in order to predict the failure mode of the target as well as the ballistic limit. A detailed analysis of the ballistic limit, failure mode and deformation of the targets due to impact of double-nosed projectiles was developed, discussed and compared with those involved in penetration of single-nosed flat and conical projectiles. Significant influence of the projectile geometry was demonstrated: the lowest ballistic limit was obtained with the conical–conical nose shape projectiles.The authors acknowledge the financial support for the work to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain under the Project RTC-2015-3887-8

Comparative study of two laparoscopic instrument tracker designs for motion analysis and image-guided surgery: a technical evaluation

Laparoscopic instrument tracking systems are a key element in image-guided interventions, which requires high accuracy to be used in a real surgical scenario. In addition, these systems are a suitable option for objective assessment of laparoscopic technical skills based on instrument motion analysis. This study presents a new approach that improves the accuracy of a previously presented system, which applies an optical pose tracking system to laparoscopic practice. A design enhancement of the artificial markers placed on the laparoscopic instrument as well as an improvement of the calibration process are presented as a means to achieve more accurate results. A technical evaluation has been performed in order to compare the accuracy between the previous design and the new approach. Results show a remarkable improvement in the fluctuation error throughout the measurement platform. Moreover, the accumulated distance error and the inclination error have been improved. The tilt range covered by the system is the same for both approaches, from 90º to 7.5º. The relative position error is better for the new approach mainly at close distances to the camera syste

BaFe1−xCuxO3 Perovskites as Active Phase for Diesel (DPF) and Gasoline Particle Filters (GPF)

BaFe1−xCuxO3 perovskites (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.4) have been synthetized, characterized and tested for soot oxidation in both Diesel and Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) exhaust conditions. The catalysts have been characterized by BET, ICP-OES, SEM-EDX, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR and O2-TPD and the results indicate the incorporation of copper in the perovskite lattice which leads to: (i) the deformation of the initial hexagonal perovskite structure for the catalyst with the lowest copper content (BFC1), (ii) the modification to cubic from hexagonal structure for the high copper content catalysts (BFC3 and BFC4), (iii) the creation of a minority segregated phase, BaOx-CuOx, in the highest copper content catalyst (BFC4), (iv) the rise in the quantity of oxygen vacancies/defects for the catalysts BFC3 and BFC4, and (v) the reduction in the amount of O2 released in the course of the O2-TPD tests as the copper content increases. The BaFe1−xCuxO3 perovskites catalyze both the NO2-assisted diesel soot oxidation (500 ppm NO, 5% O2) and, to a lesser extent, the soot oxidation under fuel cuts GDI operation conditions (1% O2). BFC0 is the most active catalysts as the activity seems to be mainly related with the amount of O2 evolved during an. O2-TPD, which decreases with copper content

Non-binary m-sequences for more comfortable brain–computer interfaces based on c-VEPs

Producción CientíficaCode-modulated visual evoked potentials (c-VEPs) have marked a milestone in the scientific literature due to their ability to achieve reliable, high-speed brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication and control. Generally, these expert systems rely on encoding each command with shifted versions of binary pseudorandom sequences, i.e., flashing black and white targets according to the shifted code. Despite the excellent results in terms of accuracy and selection time, these high-contrast stimuli cause eyestrain for some users. In this work, we propose the use of non-binary p-ary m-sequences, whose levels are encoded with different shades of gray, as a more pleasant alternative than traditional binary codes. The performance and visual fatigue of these p-ary m-sequences, as well as their ability to provide reliable c-VEP-based BCIs, are analyzed for the first time.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/AEI- FEDER [TED2021-129915B-I00, RTC2019-007350-1 y PID2020-115468RB-I00

Technical evaluation of a third generation optical pose tracker for motion analysis and image-guided surgery

Laparoscopic instrument tracking systems are an essential component in image-guided interventions and offer new possibilities to improve and automate objective assessment methods of surgical skills. In this study we present our system design to apply a third generation optical pose tracker (Micron- Tracker®) to laparoscopic practice. A technical evaluation of this design is performed in order to analyze its accuracy in computing the laparoscopic instrument tip position. Results show a stable fluctuation error over the entire analyzed workspace. The relative position errors are 1.776±1.675 mm, 1.817±1.762 mm, 1.854±1.740 mm, 2.455±2.164 mm, 2.545±2.496 mm, 2.764±2.342 mm, 2.512±2.493 mm for distances of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mm, respectively. The accumulated distance error increases with the measured distance. The instrument inclination covered by the system is high, from 90 to 7.5 degrees. The system reports a low positional accuracy for the instrument tip

Influence of air velocity on indoor environment quality in unidirectional flow operating theatres: A study based on Computational Fluid Dynamics

It is necessary to characterise air-conditioning airflow in omanuscriprder to optimize hospital Indoor Environment Quality in high-performance operating theatres, and also reduce the risk of nosocomial infection due to pathogen contamination. The aim of this article is to study the prevalence of optimal healthy conditions from controlled air flow quality in hospital facilities, and to minimize energy consumption. To this purpose, the indoor air movement was modelled by Computational Fluid Dynamics technology. The optimal results showed that it is necessary to drive ultra-clean air ranging between 0.25 m/s and 0.40 m/s, values which are adequate to perform efficient sweeping and cleaning of the air near the patient, maintaining unidirectional air flow permanently as the air passes through the surgical field. These speeds must be taken into account as calculation parameters in new hospital facility projects, and as control parameters for the existing operating theatres