Sazonalidade de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Phlebotominae) e detecção de Leishmania spp (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) em espécies vetores no município de Itaperuçu, Paraná

Orientador: Prof. Dr Andrey José de AndradeCoorientadora: Profa. Dra Magda Clara Vieira da Costa-RibeiroDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia. Defesa : Curitiba, 26/08/2020Inclui referências: p. 83-104Resumo: A distribuição de flebotomíneos em um determinado local está ligada a diversos fatores, incluindo ações antrópicas, que permitem que espécies, primariamente de hábitos silvestres, se direcionem para peridomicílio, no ambiente rural e urbano. O registro destas, ao longo dos anos, ligado a fatores abióticos os quais influenciam na densidade populacional e na consequente transmissão de Leishmania spp. para o ser humano e outros animais são descritos em estudos relacionados ao tema. No Paraná, a região do Vale do Ribeira é endêmica para leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) e dentre os municípios que a compõe está Itaperuçu. Com o objetivo de estudar a fauna de flebotomíneos na área rural do município foram: 1) identificadas as espécies; 2) observadas suas frequências mensais; 3) e se a densidade populacional está relacionada com fatores abióticos; 4) detectada infecção natural por Leishmania spp. As coletas foram realizadas por dois anos (julho 2016-julho 2018) utilizando dez armadilhas luminosas do tipo CDC (três noites consecutivas em peridomicílio) e uma armadilha de Shannon (uma noite, em área de mata) com um esforço amostral de 8.640 horas e 72 horas de captura, respectivamente. Os flebotomíneos foram triados, sexados e acondicionados para posterior identificação específica e análise molecular. A densidade dos espécimes foi correlacionada a fatores abióticos com base nos dados fornecidos pelo Sistema Meteorológico do Paraná (SIMEPAR) e para as análises estatísticas utilizou-se o BioEstat v. 5.3. A fauna foi composta por 3.784 espécimes, sendo 2.559 (67,6%) fêmeas e 1.225 (32,4%) machos (F/M = 2:1) (Teste t, p> 0,05), distribuídos entre 13 espécies sendo as mais frequentes Nyssomyia neivai (93,9%), Pintomyia fischeri (3,75%), Migonemyia migonei (0,95%) as quais são incriminadas como vetores de Leishmania spp. causadoras de LTA. As demais corresponderam a 1,4% do total. Foi observada diferença estatística significativa na coleta de Ny. neivai (n= 3.556) quando comparada às demais espécies (Kruskal-Wallis, p 0,05), belonged 13 species. Nyssomyia neivai (93.9%), Pintomyia fischeri (3.75%), Migonemyia migonei (0.95%) were more frequenty and they are incriminated as vectors of Leishmania spp. causative agent of ATL. The others sum 1.45 of the total. Significative different was found to Ny. neivai (n= 3,556) in relation to the others 12 species (Kruskal-Wallis, p< 0,05). Brumptomyia genus did present more diversity belonged to six species and Br. bragai was recorded at first time to the Paraná, increasing it geographical distribution and the flebotominic fauna of the state for 50 species. The phlebotomine were present all years regardless of the climatic variables beeing more frequenty after August and less after May. 1,186 specimens were dissected (totaling 176 pools) for Leishmania DNA dectection. Of these Ny. neivai was more abundant (88.62%), followed by Pi. fischeri (9.2%) and Mg. migonei (1.18); Br. troglodytes and Ex. firmatoi represented 1.01 % of the total. Three pools of Ny. neivai were positive for Leishmania (Viannia) spp. DNA providing an infection rate of 0.25%. Here we inventoried the sand fly fauna in an endemic area for ATL that present few studies with supect vectors of Leishmania spp. After results we will be able to provide data for the Health Secretary about the distribution and sazonality of the species that occur in the area. Yet, a tool to be applied in the control and monitoring of ATL cases in the rural area of Itaperuçu municipatlity as preconized bu the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Keywords: Psychodidae, Nyssomyia neivai, seasonal variation, American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis, Ribeira Valley

Levosimendan for patients with severely reduced left ventricular systolic function and/or low cardiac output syndrome undergoing cardiac surgery. a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of levosimendan in high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Two large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), however, showed no advantages of levosimendan. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis (MEDLINE and Embase from inception until March 30, 2017), investigating whether levosimendan offers advantages compared with placebo in high-risk cardiac surgery patients, as defined by preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) = 35% and/or low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS). The primary outcomes were mortality at longest follow-up and need for postoperative renal replacement therapy (RRT). Secondary postoperative outcomes investigated included myocardial injury, supraventricular arrhythmias, development of LCOS, acute kidney injury (AKI), duration of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay, and incidence of hypotension during drug infusion. Results: Six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, five of which investigated only patients with LVEF = 35% and one of which included predominantly patients with LCOS. Mortality was similar overall (OR 0.64 [0.37, 1.11], p = 0.11) but lower in the subgroup with LVEF < 35% (OR 0.51 [0.32, 0.82], p = 0.005). Need for RRT was reduced by levosimendan both overall (OR 0.63 [0.42, 0.94], p = 0.02) and in patients with LVEF < 35% (OR 0.55 [0.31, 0.97], p = 0.04). Among secondary outcomes, we found lower postoperative LCOS in patients with LVEF < 35% receiving levosimendan (OR 0.49 [0.27, 0.89], p = 0.02), lower overall AKI (OR 0.62 [0.42, 0.92], p = 0.02), and a trend toward lower mechanical support, both overall (p = 0.07) and in patients with LVEF < 35% (p= 0.05). Conclusions: Levosimendan reduces mortality in patients with preoperative severely reduced LVEF but does not affect overall mortality. Levosimendan reduces the need for RRT after high-risk cardiac surger

Neighbours' Conviviality without Gatherings. Social Streets in Times of Lockdown

The lockdown period imposed by Italian institutions to their citizens from March to May 2020 to contrast the Coronavirus diffusion had a very deep impact on people's sociality and their daily practices. However, informal groups and associations tried to keep them alive with the help of digital communication technologies, used to enhance conviviality and to support and organize forms of mutual help. This article aims to analyse how Social Streets promoted sociality and mutual help among neighbours in time of lockdown, and how Streeters, here defined as people who are at least inscribed at the Facebook group of their Social Street, have profited from the possibility to have at their disposal an online social place where to interact and be informed about the possibility of giving and receiving help. This article draws from data gathered through two online surveys, administered, respectively, during lockdown phase in the second half of April (838 respondents) and in June 2020, after its end (371 respondents). Our results show that, after seven years since their foundation in 2013, Social Streets still play a pivotal role in the neighbourhood. During lockdown, they gave a contribution in keeping neighbours informed about what was going on in the neighbourhood, in sustaining and producing convivial ties, in organizing mutual help services. In the hard time of lockdown, when most of the usual habits and practices were forcefully suspended, Social Streets proved very important in setting a cognitive, emotional, and organizational framework inside which conviviality and collaboration among neighbours could find greater plausibility

Neighbours' Conviviality without Gatherings. Social Streets in Times of Lockdown

The lockdown period imposed by Italian institutions to their citizens from March to May 2020 to contrast the Coronavirus diffusion had a very deep impact on people's sociality and their daily practices. However, informal groups and associations tried to keep them alive with the help of digital communication technologies, used to enhance conviviality and to support and organize forms of mutual help. This article aims to analyse how Social Streets promoted sociality and mutual help among neighbours in time of lockdown, and how Streeters, here defined as people who are at least inscribed at the Facebook group of their Social Street, have profited from the possibility to have at their disposal an online social place where to interact and be informed about the possibility of giving and receiving help. This article draws from data gathered through two online surveys, administered, respectively, during lockdown phase in the second half of April (838 respondents) and in June 2020, after its end (371 respondents). Our results show that, after seven years since their foundation in 2013, Social Streets still play a pivotal role in the neighbourhood. During lockdown, they gave a contribution in keeping neighbours informed about what was going on in the neighbourhood, in sustaining and producing convivial ties, in organizing mutual help services. In the hard time of lockdown, when most of the usual habits and practices were forcefully suspended, Social Streets proved very important in setting a cognitive, emotional, and organizational framework inside which conviviality and collaboration among neighbours could find greater plausibility

Protective Activity of Broccoli Sprout Juice in a Human Intestinal Cell Model of Gut Inflammation

Benefits to health from a high consumption of fruits and vegetables are well established and have been attributed to bioactive secondary metabolites present in edible plants. However, the effects of specific health-related phytochemicals within a complex food matrix are difficult to assess. In an attempt to address this problem, we have used elicitation to improve the nutraceutical content of seedlings of Brassica oleracea grown under controlled conditions. Analysis, by LC-MS, of the glucosinolate, isothiocyanate and phenolic compound content of juices obtained from sprouts indicated that elicitation induces an enrichment of several phenolics, particularly of the anthocyanin fraction. To test the biological activity of basal and enriched juices we took advantage of a recently developed in vitro model of inflamed human intestinal epithelium. Both sprouts’ juices protected intestinal barrier integrity in Caco-2 cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor under marginal zinc deprivation, with the enriched juice showing higher protection. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the extent of rescue from stress-induced epithelial dysfunction correlated with the composition in bioactive molecules of the juices and, in particular, with a group of phenolic compounds, including several anthocyanins, quercetin-3-Glc, cryptochlorogenic, neochlorogenic and cinnamic acids

FOCOS DE QUEIMADAS NAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO E TERRAS INDÍGENAS DO PANTANAL, 2000-2008

Este estudo quantificou a ocorrência de focos de queima de vegetação detectados por satélites em duas Unidades de Conservação (UCF) Federais, seis Estaduais (UCE) e sete Terras Indígenas (TI) do bioma Pantanal no período 2000 a 2008. Considerando as imagens dos satélites disponíveis, 15 áreas de proteção apresentaram focos. Limitando as detecções à série referencial dos satélites NOAA-12 e NOAA-15, apenas uma UCE, de superfície mínima, não teve registros de focos. Como a maioria dos focos concentrou-se nos meses de seca, quando não ocorrem raios, deduz-se que o fogo eventual foi de origem antrópica. O ano de 2005 foi o mais seco do período, com ~100 mm de precipitação abaixo da normal climatológica para a região; e nele, o trimestre naturalmente seco de julho-agosto-setembro (JAS) concentrou o maior número focos nas áreas estudadas, 2637. Nos anos de 2003, 2006 e 2008, com precipitação acima da média, foram observadas as menores quantidades de focos. Em 2003, o ano mais úmido com ~100 mm acima da normal em JAS verificou-se apenas 10 focos. Estes resultados indicam que as áreas de proteção no Pantanal podem ser significativamente afetadas pelo fogo de origem antrópica, particularmente nos anos de estiagem pronunciada. Palavras-chave: Fogo. Unidades de conservação. Terras indígenas. Pantanal. Satélites. Fires in Conservation Units and Indigenous Territories at Pantanal, 2000-2008 This study quantified the occurrence of vegetation fires detected by satellites in two federal and six state conservation units (respectively FC and SC) and seven Indigenous territories (IT) in the Brazilian Pantanal biome for the period 2000-2008. Considering all images from the available satellites, fire pixels occurred in all of these 15 protection areas. When limited to the reference series using data from the NOAA-12 and NOAA-15 satellites, only one SC showed no fires. Since the majority of the fires concentrated in the dry months, and therefore when no lightning occurs, one concludes that the fires had an anthropogenic origin. The year of 2005 was the driest in the period, with ~100 mm of precipitation below the climatic normal in the region, and its naturally dry trimester of July-August-September (JAS) concentrated the largest amount of fire pixels, 2637. The years of 2003, 2006 and 2008, with precipitation above the average, had the lowest amounts of fires, and 2003, the wettest, with about 100 mm above the normal on JAS, had just 10 fire pixels. The results indicate that the protected areas in the Pantanal can be significantly affected by fires of anthropogenic origin, particularly in the years of pronounced drought. Key words: Fire. Conservation units. Indigenous territories. Pantanal. Satellites

Obesity and common pathways of cancer and cardiovascular disease

Abstract Obesity is constantly increasing worldwide due to the progressive globalization of sedentary lifestyle and diet rich in lipids and processed food. Cardiovascular complications and cancer are the two most fearsome long-term sequelae of obesity that justify the recent definition of this threaten as 'obesity epidemic'. Shared biological pathways can be recognized for obesity-induced cardiovascular and oncological complications that might prompt targeted interventions with potentially double beneficial effect. The present review aims at summarizing main common biological pathways linking obesity with cardiovascular diseases and cancer in order to provide a research framework within which therapeutic strategies might have at the same time cardiovascular-protective and cancer-preventive effects

Molecular and Clinical Links between Drug-Induced Cholestasis and Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury (iDILI) represents an actual health challenge, accounting for more than 40% of hepatitis cases in adults over 50 years and more than 50% of acute fulminant hepatic failure cases. In addition, approximately 30% of iDILI are cholestatic (drug-induced cholestasis (DIC)). The liver's metabolism and clearance of lipophilic drugs depend on their emission into the bile. Therefore, many medications cause cholestasis through their interaction with hepatic transporters. The main canalicular efflux transport proteins include: 1. the bile salt export pump (BSEP) protein (ABCB11); 2. the multidrug resistance protein-2 (MRP2, ABCC2) regulating the bile salts' independent flow by excretion of glutathione; 3. the multidrug resistance-1 protein (MDR1, ABCB1) that transports organic cations; 4. the multidrug resistance-3 protein (MDR3, ABCB4). Two of the most known proteins involved in bile acids' (BAs) metabolism and transport are BSEP and MDR3. BSEP inhibition by drugs leads to reduced BAs' secretion and their retention within hepatocytes, exiting in cholestasis, while mutations in the ABCB4 gene expose the biliary epithelium to the injurious detergent actions of BAs, thus increasing susceptibility to DIC. Herein, we review the leading molecular pathways behind the DIC, the links with the other clinical forms of familial intrahepatic cholestasis, and, finally, the main cholestasis-inducing drugs