Análisis De La Variacion Temporal Del Espesor Óptico Y La Distribución Del Tamaño Del Aerosol Atmosférico En La Ciudad De Huancayo En El Año 2016

Con el motivo de analizar la variación temporal del espesor óptico del aerosol atmosférico (AOD) y conocer la distribución de sus tamaños en la provincia de Huancayo en el año 2016. Primero, se realiza un análisis de los datos observados por el fotómetro, los cuales previamente son correlacionados con los registros estimados por los satélites AQUA y TERRA obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación de 0.44 y 0.62 respectivamente con un valor de la raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSE) y BIAS de 0.08 y -0.04 para TERRA; y, 0.06 y -0.03 para AQUA. Lo que nos indica claramente que existe cierta subestimación por parte del instrumento MODIS en ambos casos. Adicionalmente, se realiza un análisis diario, mensual y estacional del espesor óptico del aerosol y se analiza los meses en los que se obtuvo mayores niveles de AOD fundamentando a que se debió estos niveles con los inventarios de focos activos de quema de biomasa en la Amazonía Peruana. Además, se consideró la cantidad de agua precipitable para la región y se comparó con los valores de AOD distribuidos estacionalmente. Con ayuda del coeficiente de angstrom, se puede tipificar a los aerosoles presentes en la zona durante el 2016. Para la obtención de los resultados, se graficó la distribución de los tamaños del aerosol volumen-tamaño con el propósito de identificar los tipos de partículas presentes en el periodo de estudio. A partir de ello, se obtuvo que el mayor valor de las medias diarias de AOD se obtuvo el 14 de septiembre con 0.3309, el cual fue originado debido a la gran quema de biomasa en esa época del año, que mediante un análisis de las retrotrayectorias (trayectorias de llegada al observatorio de Huancayo) se infirió que las corrientes de aire arrastraron las partículas desde los departamentos de Ucayali, Loreto, Huánuco y Pasco; que coincidentemente es el mes de septiembre con 4102 focos activos detectados. Para el caso de la variabilidad mensual es el mes de septiembre con el mayor valor con 0.1186±0.0651. A nivel estacional son los meses de invierno, primavera y verano en los que se registran mayores niveles de AOD que coinciden con las bajas precipitaciones en esos meses. Por último, el análisis de la distribución de tamaños nos indica que hay una ligera predominancia del modo grueso del modo fino en el periodo de estudio, que adicionalmente se identificaron 6 tipos de aerosoles como son continental, marítimo, contaminado, polvo, biomasa y mezcla.Trabajo de suficiencia profesiona

“El presupuesto financiero y los gastos de viáticos de la empresa ferrocarril Central Andino S.A. periodo 2014 al 2016”

La tesis titulada “El presupuesto Financiero y los Gastos de Viáticos de la Empresa Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A., periodo 2014 al 2016” estableció que en la referida Empresa no se cuenta con un manual de procedimientos por lo que no se controló la deducción de los gastos por viáticos comparado con el presupuesto financiero. La investigación asumió como propósito solucionar y controlar los gastos antes señalados. Pretende entonces racionalizar y transparentar la información y comprobar los viáticos y pasajes nacionales e internacionales facilitando la información de los insumos requeridos para el desarrollo y cumplimiento de las actividades que se le han encomendado. Metodológicamente nuestra investigación se ha desarrollado dentro del enfoque mixto que busca describir, analizar y evaluar la situación de la empresa materia de investigación solucionando así los problemas planteados. Los resultados obtenidos no obstante los gastos incurridos en los últimos años, consolidan los controles presupuestales financieros de la Empresa y la calidad de los servicios para lograr un mejor control a través de un Presupuesto Financiero en los viáticos de movilidad, alojamiento y alimentación. La conclusión principal se dirige a revisar los criterios tomados en la Empresa Ferrocarril Central Andino S.A. teniendo en consideración sus bases estructurales dado que estamos en proceso de evaluación pues la administración está siendo más estricta lo cual también es compatible con la política de la Empresa en proceder hacia un control bien definido. Palabras claves: Presupuesto Financiero y los gastos por viáticos, viajes nacionales e internaciones; movilidad, alimentación y hospedaje; comparado con el presupuesto financiero en la movilidad, alimentación y hospedaje, para ver su nivel de control y el efecto rentable de la empresa.Tesi

Effect of the level of task abstraction on the transfer of knowledge from virtual environments in cognitive and motor tasks

Introduction: Virtual environments are increasingly being used for training. It is not fully understood what elements of virtual environments have the most impact and how the virtual training is integrated by the brain on the sought-after skill transference to the real environment. In virtual training, we analyzed how the task level of abstraction modulates the brain activity and the subsequent ability to execute it in the real environment and how this learning generalizes to other tasks. The training of a task under a low level of abstraction should lead to a higher transfer of skills in similar tasks, but the generalization of learning would be compromised, whereas a higher level of abstraction facilitates generalization of learning to different tasks but compromising specific effectiveness.// Methods: A total of 25 participants were trained and subsequently evaluated on a cognitive and a motor task following four training regimes, considering real vs. virtual training and low vs. high task abstraction. Performance scores, cognitive load, and electroencephalography signals were recorded. Transfer of knowledge was assessed by comparing performance scores in the virtual vs. real environment.// Results: The performance to transfer the trained skills showed higher scores in the same task under low abstraction, but the ability to generalize the trained skills was manifested by higher scores under high level of abstraction in agreement with our hypothesis. Spatiotemporal analysis of the electroencephalography revealed higher initial demands of brain resources which decreased as skills were acquired.// Discussion: Our results suggest that task abstraction during virtual training influences how skills are assimilated at the brain level and modulates its manifestation at the behavioral level. We expect this research to provide supporting evidence to improve the design of virtual training tasks./

MAT2A Mutations Predispose Individuals to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Up to 20% of individuals who have thoracic aortic aneurysms or acute aortic dissections but who do not have syndromic features have a family history of thoracic aortic disease. Significant genetic heterogeneity is established for this familial condition. Whole-genome linkage analysis and exome sequencing of distant relatives from a large family with autosomal-dominant inheritance of thoracic aortic aneurysms variably associated with the bicuspid aortic valve was used for identification of additional genes predisposing individuals to this condition. A rare variant, c.1031A>C (p.Glu344Ala), was identified in MAT2A, which encodes methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT IIα). This variant segregated with disease in the family, and Sanger sequencing of DNA from affected probands from unrelated families with thoracic aortic disease identified another MAT2A rare variant, c.1067G>A (p.Arg356His). Evidence that these variants predispose individuals to thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections includes the following: there is a paucity of rare variants in MAT2A in the population; amino acids Glu344 and Arg356 are conserved from humans to zebrafish; and substitutions of these amino acids in MAT Iα are found in individuals with hypermethioninemia. Structural analysis suggested that p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His disrupt MAT IIα enzyme function. Knockdown of mat2aa in zebrafish via morpholino oligomers disrupted cardiovascular development. Co-transfected wild-type human MAT2A mRNA rescued defects of zebrafish cardiovascular development at significantly higher levels than mRNA edited to express either the Glu344 or Arg356 mutants, providing further evidence that the p.Glu344Ala and p.Arg356His substitutions impair MAT IIα function. The data presented here support the conclusion that rare genetic variants in MAT2A predispose individuals to thoracic aortic disease

Cuerpo y simbolismo amerindio: diseño museográfico y docente de la colección complutense del Museo de Arqueología y Etnología de América (MAEA, Facultad de Geografía e Historia) referida al cuerpo humano

Depto. de Historia de América y Medieval y Ciencias HistoriográficasFac. de Geografía e HistoriaFALSEsubmitte

H3K4me1 marks DNA regions hypomethylated during aging in human stem and differentiated cells

In differentiated cells, aging is associated with hypermethylation of DNA regions enriched in repressive histone post-translational modifications. However, the chromatin marks associated with changes in DNA methylation in adult stem cells during lifetime are still largely unknown. Here, DNA methylation profiling of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from individuals aged 2 to 92 yr identified 18,735 hypermethylated and 45,407 hypomethylated CpG sites associated with aging. As in differentiated cells, hypermethylated sequences were enriched in chromatin repressive marks. Most importantly, hypomethylated CpG sites were strongly enriched in the active chromatin mark H3K4me1 in stem and differentiated cells, suggesting this is a cell type–independent chromatin signature of DNA hypomethylation during aging. Analysis of scedasticity showed that interindividual variability of DNA methylation increased during aging in MSCs and differentiated cells, providing a new avenue for the identification of DNA methylation changes over time. DNA methylation profiling of genetically identical individuals showed that both the tendency of DNA methylation changes and scedasticity depended on nongenetic as well as genetic factors. Our results indicate that the dynamics of DNA methylation during aging depend on a complex mixture of factors that include the DNA sequence, cell type, and chromatin context involved and that, depending on the locus, the changes can be modulated by genetic and/or external factors

Haploinsufficiency of SOX5 at 12p12.1 is associated with developmental delays with prominent language delay, behavior problems, and mild dysmorphic features

SOX5 encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of chondrogenesis and the development of the nervous system. Despite its important developmental roles, SOX5 disruption has yet to be associated with human disease. We report one individual with a reciprocal translocation breakpoint within SOX5, eight individuals with intragenic SOX5 deletions (four are apparently de novo and one inherited from an affected parent), and seven individuals with larger 12p12 deletions encompassing SOX5. Common features in these subjects include prominent speech delay, intellectual disability, behavior abnormalities, and dysmorphic features. The phenotypic impact of the deletions may depend on the location of the deletion and consequently which of the three major SOX5 protein isoforms are affected. One intragenic deletion involving only untranslated exons was present in a more mildly affected subject, was inherited from a healthy parent and grandparent, and is similar to a deletion found in a control cohort. Therefore, some intragenic SOX5 deletions may have minimal phenotypic effect. Based on the location of the deletions in the subjects compared to the controls, the de novo nature of most of these deletions, and the phenotypic similarities among cases, SOX5 appears to be a dosage-sensitive, developmentally important gene

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Optimasi Portofolio Resiko Menggunakan Model Markowitz MVO Dikaitkan dengan Keterbatasan Manusia dalam Memprediksi Masa Depan dalam Perspektif Al-Qur`an

Risk portfolio on modern finance has become increasingly technical, requiring the use of sophisticated mathematical tools in both research and practice. Since companies cannot insure themselves completely against risk, as human incompetence in predicting the future precisely that written in Al-Quran surah Luqman verse 34, they have to manage it to yield an optimal portfolio. The objective here is to minimize the variance among all portfolios, or alternatively, to maximize expected return among all portfolios that has at least a certain expected return. Furthermore, this study focuses on optimizing risk portfolio so called Markowitz MVO (Mean-Variance Optimization). Some theoretical frameworks for analysis are arithmetic mean, geometric mean, variance, covariance, linear programming, and quadratic programming. Moreover, finding a minimum variance portfolio produces a convex quadratic programming, that is minimizing the objective function ðð¥with constraintsð ð 𥠥 ðandð´ð¥ = ð. The outcome of this research is the solution of optimal risk portofolio in some investments that could be finished smoothly using MATLAB R2007b software together with its graphic analysis