Juvenile Detention

The study aimed at identifying and evaluating the reasons for juvenile delinquency and detention. To attain this aim, secondary data has been used in a descriptive way. It is observed from the study that the lack of education along with financial issues influence juveniles to reflect offensive behavior and crime. The reasons also involve the lack of support from the parents as well as the inappropriate family environment. The improper school and community environment and bad company of friends may also cause juvenile delinquency, which results in detention. The personality and the psychology of the juvenile may also lead to having a criminal mindset

Affordance Ontology: Towards a Unified Description of Affordances as Events

An argument is developed that suggests the concept of affordances can best facilitate the pursuit of new knowledge if it’s defined as an event. The first description initially generated by James J. Gibson was deceptively vague. This has led to several attempts by additional researchers to re-describe it. These efforts fall short of describing a concept that is consistent with both the historical context of Gibson’s work and his motivations for introducing the term. Additionally, no definition has been introduced that aims to limit the scope of information researchers must consider when using the term. I put forth a description of affordances that is consistent with Gibson’s motivations and is pragmatically motivated to restrain the scope of inquiry. The application of this new description may lead to more fruitful experimentation and less problematic discourse throughout the disciplines that use the term

Integrated control and display research for transition and vertical flight on the NASA V/STOL Research Aircraft (VSRA)

Results of a substantial body of ground-based simulation experiments indicate that a high degree of precision of operation for recovery aboard small ships in heavy seas and low visibility with acceptable levels of effort by the pilot can be achieved by integrating the aircraft flight and propulsion controls. The availability of digital fly-by-wire controls makes it feasible to implement an integrated control design to achieve and demonstrate in flight the operational benefits promised by the simulation experience. It remains to validate these systems concepts in flight to establish their value for advanced short takeoff vertical landing (STOVL) aircraft designs. This paper summarizes analytical studies and simulation experiments which provide a basis for the flight research program that will develop and validate critical technologies for advanced STOVL aircraft through the development and evaluation of advanced, integrated control and display concepts, and lays out the plan for the flight program that will be conducted on NASA's V/STOL Research Aircraft (VSRA)

Centrally Acting Perindopril Attenuates the Exercise Induced Increase in Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity during Heavy Dynamic Exercise

Central angiotensin II (Ang II) linked free radical (FR) production scavenges nitric oxide (NO) enabling an increased central sympathetic neural outflow (SNA). The pathophysiological increase in Ang II linked FR production is recognized as a major mechanism involved in neurogenic hypertension. During exercise, there is a physiological increase in Ang II and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in direct relation to increasing exercise intensity. We tested the hypothesis that the exercise induced increase in Ang II linked FR production and MSNA activity during exercise is located within the brain. Six healthy subjects performed three randomly ordered trials of 70° upright back-supported dynamic leg cycling after ingestion of two different lipid soluble Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ((ACEi) Perindopril (PER) - highly lipid soluble; Captopril (CAP) non-lipid soluble)) and/or placebo (PL). Repeated measurements of whole venous blood, MSNA, and mean arterial pressures (MAP) were obtained at rest and during steady-state heavy intensity exercise at heart rates (HR) of 120 bpm (e120). Peripheral venous superoxide concentrations as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) were not significantly altered at rest (P≥0.4) and during E120 by the ACE inhibitors (P≥0.07). Likewise, baseline MSNA (PL, 25 ± 1.5 bust/min; CAP, 21 ± 0.7 bust/min; PER, 25 ± 0.7 bust/min) and MAP (PL, 86 ± 2.8 mmHg vs. CAP, 84 ± 2.6 mmHg; PER, 84 ± 0.7 mmHg) were unchanged at rest (P≥0.1; P≥0.8 respectively). However, during E120 central acting PER attenuated the increases in MSNA and MAP, increasing only 15±6% for MAP and 24±8% for MSNA when compared to PL (26 ± 6% MAP; 57±16% MSNA; P\u3c0.05) and CAP (26±4%MAP; 69±13%MSNA P\u3c0.05). From these data we conclude that centrally acting PER attenuated the central increase in the exercise induced Ang II linked free radical production resulting in an increased central NO activity induced reduction in MSNA during heavy intensity dynamic exercise

O papel da Atenção Primária na prevenção de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde

O papel da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) na prevenção de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) é raramente discutido na literatura. O presente artigo tem por objetivo desenvolver um estudo teórico com base no princípio Primum non nocere , trazendo à luz uma reflexão sobre o papel da APS na prevenção de IRAS com ênfase nas recomendações de práticas. Os papéis indireto e direto da APS na prevenção de IRAS são debatidos, considerando este princípio orientador. No papel indireto da APS, discutem-se a questão do hospitalocentrismo e as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária. Referente ao papel direto apontam-se os desafios a serem superados. São indicados sete componentes essenciais para desenvolvimento de um programa de prevenção de IRAS na APS e respectivas recomendações.

El rol de la Atención Primaria a la Salud (APS) en la prevención de Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia a la Salud (IRAS) rara vez se discute en la literatura. El presente artículo tiene como meta desarrollar un estudio teórico con base en el principioPrimum non nocere, trayendo a la luz una reflexión acerca del papel de la APS en la prevención de IRAS con énfasis en las recomendaciones de prácticas. Los roles indirecto y directo de la APS en la prevención de IRAS se debaten teniendo en cuenta este principio orientador. En el rol indirecto de la APS se discuten el tema del hospitalocentrismo y los internamientos por condiciones sensibles a la atención primaria. Con respecto al rol directo se apuntan los retos a superarse. Se señalan siete componentes esenciales para el desarrollo de un programa de prevención de IRAS en la APS y las respectivas recomendaciones.
Little research has been conducted to date on the role of primary health care (PHC) in the prevention of healthcare associated infections (HCAIs). The present article is a theoretical study of the principle of primum non nocere and aims to promote reflection on the role of PHC in HCAI prevention with emphasis on practical recommendations. The indirect and direct roles of PHC in HCAI prevention are debated in light of this guiding principle. With respect to the indirect role of PHC, we discuss the issues of hospital-centrism and ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. The article outlines a number of challenges faced by health services related to PHC’s direct role in HCAI prevention, highlights seven key components of HCAI prevention programmes within the PHC sphere and provides practical recommendations for HCAI control and prevention.

Situações de risco biológico presentes na assistência de enfermagem nas unidades de saúde da família (USF)

There is very frequent exposure to potentially contaminated material in procedures performed by nursing professionals. This exploratory and descriptive study characterizes the potential risk of biological exposure in procedures performed by nursing professionals in ten Family Health units in São Carlos-SP, Brazil. We observed 238 procedures involving potential risk of contact with biological material, in which more than 90% involved the use of needles. The average rates of adherence to standard precautions were: 27.9% hand washing prior to procedures; 41.4% use of gloves; and 88.8% adequate disposal of piercing and cutting instruments. These professionals are subject to risks similar to those which hospital workers are also subjected, because they have a high risk of blood exposure and the frequency with which they handle needles is very high.La exposición a material potencialmente contaminado es frecuente en las actividades del profesional de enfermería. Este estudio, de carácter exploratorio y descriptivo con abordaje cuantitativo, tuvo como objetivo caracterizar los riesgos potenciales de exposición biológica en las acciones desarrolladas por los profesionales de enfermería en diez USFs del municipio de Sao Carlos, SP. Fueron observados 238 procedimientos con posible riesgo de contacto con material biológico, siendo que más de 90% de estos envolvían el uso de agujas. Previo al procedimiento, la tasa promedio general de adhesión a las precauciones estándar fue de 27,9% en el lavado de manos, 41,4% en el uso de guantes y de 88,8% en el descarte adecuado de material punzo cortante. Se concluye que esos profesionales están sujetos a riesgos semejantes a los encontrados en el área hospitalaria, una vez que también manipulan agujas con mucha frecuencia y poseen alto riesgo de exposición la sangre.Exposição a material potencialmente contaminado é frequente nas atividades do profissional de enfermagem. Este estudo, de caráter exploratório descritivo de abordagem quantitativa, teve como objetivo caracterizar os riscos potenciais de exposição biológica nas ações desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de enfermagem em dez USFs do município de São Carlos, SP. Foram observados 238 procedimentos com possível risco de contato com material biológico, sendo que mais de 90% desses envolviam o uso de agulhas. A taxa média geral de adesão às precauções padrão foi de 27,9% na lavagem de mãos prévia ao procedimento, 41,4% no uso de luvas e de 88,8% no descarte adequado de material perfurocortante. Conclui-se que esses profissionais estão sujeitos a riscos semelhantes aos encontrados na área hospitalar, uma vez que também manipulam agulhas com muita frequência e possuem alto risco de exposição a sangue

Process and Mind: Exploring the Relationship Between Process Philosophy and the Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Science of Cognition

This work examines the relationship between Alfred North Whitehead’s process philosophy and the nonlinear dynamical systems framework for studying cognition. I argue that the nonlinear dynamical systems approach to cognitive science presupposes many key elements of his process philosophy. The process philosophical interpretation of nature posits events and the dynamic relations between events as the fundamental substrate of reality, as opposed to static physical substances. I present a brief history of the development of substance thought before describing Whitehead’s characterization of nature as a process. In following, I will examine the both the computational and nonlinear dynamical systems frameworks for investigating cognition. I will show that the computational paradigm is subject to many of the same criticisms as substance. Conversely, I will show that nonlinear dynamical cognitive science avoids these criticisms and is congenial to Whitehead’s philosophy insofar as it is suitable for describing emergent processes. To conclude, I suggest that the nonlinear dynamical cognitive science confirms and validates Whitehead’s philosophy. Furthermore, I argue that process philosophy is an appropriate characterization of nature for guiding inquiry in cognitive science

Interaçoes alimentares de garças (ciconiiformes: ardeidae) em um baixio lodoso na regiao de Cananéia, Sao Paulo

Orientador: Emydio Leite de Araújo Monteiro FilhoMonografia(Bacharelado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná. Setor de Ciencias Biológicas. Curso de Graduaçao em Ciencias Biológica

Antioxidants Attenuate the Exercise Induced Resetting of the Arterial Baroreflex in Healthy Human Subjects: Implications for Exercise Induced Hypertension

Patients with Exercise-induced-Hypertension (EiHT) exhibit exaggerated increases in arterial pressure at the onset of exercise which may prevent EiHT patients from participating in exercise training programs. EiHT is thought to occur due to dysregulated resetting of the arterial baroreflex (ABR). Prior studies in animal models demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the brainstem scavenge the sympathoinhibitory function of central Nitric Oxide (NO) and, thereby enable ABR resetting of the operating point (OP) pressure and hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that a centrally and peripherally active antioxidant cocktail (CT; composed of Vitamin E and C with Co-Q10) will attenuate the exercise induced resetting of the ABR‘s centering point (CP) and OP pressures compared to the same exercise intensity performed with a vehicle placebo (PL). Seven healthy human subjects were recruited and performed 700 back-supported semi-recumbent dynamic leg exercise at moderate (HR at 120 beats per minute: e120) and heavy (HR at 150 beats per minute: e150) intensities. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was continuously recorded using photoplethysmography at the finger, while HR was recorded via a three lead electrocardiogram (ECG). On experimental day 1, subjects were either given the CT or PL 1 hr. (time of peak plasma concentrations) prior to the start of exercise. On a separate experiment day 2, the subjects repeated the same exercise intensity protocol with the other test article (CT or PL) in a randomized repeated measures design. During exercise with the PL ingestion, the CP of the ABR was reset to higher MAPs from rest to e120 (100 ± 3 mm Hg to 121 ± 3 mm Hg, P\u3c0.02) but not e150 (113 ± 3 mm Hg, P=0.15). The absence of resetting at the higher work intensity was likely due to cardiovascular drift (decreasing MAP). Ingestion of the CT prior to the exercise protocols prevented the increase of the CP to higher MAPs from rest to e120 and e150 (rest: 97 ± 3 mm Hg, e120: 106 ± 3 mm Hg, e150: 106 ± 3 mm Hg, P \u3e0.21). Furthermore, the OP- pressure of the ABR was attenuated with CT ingestion compared to PL at e120 (placebo e120: 116 ± 0.8 mm Hg, CT e120: 111 ± 0.8 mm Hg, P = 0.04). These data: (a) confirm that centrally derived ROS contribute to exercise induced ABR resetting; and (b) indicate that EiHT could be treated by ingestion of an anti-oxidant cocktail prior to the start of exercise

Use of noninvasive ‘bug-eggs’ to enable comparative inferences on genetic mating system with and without parental information: A study in a cattle egret colony

Colonial waterbirds such as herons, egrets and spoonbills exhibit ecological characteristics that could have promoted the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism and extra-pair copulation. However, an adequate characterization of the genetic mating systems of this avian group has been hindered by the lack of samples of elusive candidate parents which precluded conducting conventional parentage allocation tests. Here, we investigate the genetic mating system of the invasive cattle egret using hematophagous insects contained in fake eggs to collect blood from incubating adults in a wild breeding colony. We tested a protocol with a previously unused Neotropical Triatominae, Panstrongylus megistus, obtained blood samples from males and females in 31 nests built on trees, drew blood from 89 nestlings at those nests, and genotyped all samples at 14 microsatellite loci, including six new species-specific loci. We comparatively addressed the performance of parentage allocation versus kinship classification of nestlings to infer the genetic mating system of cattle egrets. In line with previous behavioral observations, we found evidence in support of a non-monogamous genetic mating system, including extra-pair paternity (EPP) and conspecific brood parasitism (CBP). Parentage allocation tests detected a higher percentage of nests with alternative reproductive tactics (EPP: 61.7%; CBP: 64.5%) than the kinship classification method (EPP: 50.0%; CBP: 43.3%). Overall, these results indicate that rates of alternative reproductive tactics inferred in the absence of parental genetic information could be underestimated and should be interpreted with caution. This study highlights the importance of incorporating samples from candidate parents to adequately determine the genetic mating system of a species. We expand knowledge on the reproductive tactics of colonial waterbirds, contributing novel data on the genetic mating system of the cattle egret, valuable for the design of management strategies for this invasive bird.Fil: Miño, Carolina Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; ArgentinaFil: Dantas de Souza, Elaine. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Moralez-Silva, Emmanuel. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Valdes, Talita Alvarenga. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; BrasilFil: Cortiço Corrêa Rodrigues, Vera Lúcia. Superintendencia de Controle de Endemias; BrasilFil: Del Lama, Sílvia Nassif. Universidade Federal do São Carlos; Brasi