Spatio-temporal patterns driven by autocatalytic internal reaction noise

The influence that intrinsic local density fluctuations can have on solutions of mean-field reaction-diffusion models is investigated numerically by means of the spatial patterns arising from two species that react and diffuse in the presence of strong internal reaction noise. The dynamics of the Gray-Scott (GS) model with constant external source is first cast in terms of a continuum field theory representing the corresponding master equation. We then derive a Langevin description of the field theory and use these stochastic differential equations in our simulations. The nature of the multiplicative noise is specified exactly without recourse to assumptions and turns out to be of the same order as the reaction itself, and thus cannot be treated as a small perturbation. Many of the complex patterns obtained in the absence of noise for the GS model are completely obliterated by these strong internal fluctuations, but we find novel spatial patterns induced by this reaction noise in regions of parameter space that otherwise correspond to homogeneous solutions when fluctuations are not included.Comment: 12 pages, 18 figure

La Unión Europea y la creación de un Espacio de Seguridad y Justicia. Visión histórica de la lucha contra el terrorismo internacional en Europa

En este artículo se analiza la progresiva creación de un espacio de seguridad y justicia en el ámbito europeo, así como de las principales herramientas de las que dispone la Unión Europea para hacer frente al terrorismo internacional. Un terrorismo internacional que ha tenido dos vertientes fundamentales en Europa. La vertiente anarquista que llevó a cabo numerosos atentados terroristas a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, y que esta en la base de las primeras iniciativas europeas en la lucha contra la violencia política. Y dos, la vertiente islamista, que adquiere un gran protagonismo desde principios del siglo XXI y que significó un revulsivo extraordinario para ta creación de un espacio de seguridad y justicia en el ámbito de la Unión Europea

A theoretical quantum study of the electronic properties of mentoxy dichloro phosphorous (C10H19OPCl2)

Indexación: Scopus.A theoretical quantum study of the organophosphorus compound with formula C10H19OPCl2 (MEPCL2) was carried out. The results of the calculations show excellent agreement between experimental and computed frequencies evaluated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. A study of the electronic properties, such as excitation energies and wavelengths were performed employing the time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) method. Global a chemical reactivity of MEPCL2 was analyzed through global reactivity descriptors, while its local reactivity was analyzed by mean maps of the electrostatic potential. Also, the orbital energies values suggest that a charge transfer is occurring within the molecule. © 2018 American Physical Society.https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-97072018000103887&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=e

Monte Carlo simulations of post-common-envelope white dwarf + main sequence binaries: comparison with the SDSS DR7 observed sample

Detached white dwarf + main sequence (WD+MS) systems represent the simplest population of post-common envelope binaries (PCEBs). Since the ensemble properties of this population carries important information about the characteristics of the common-envelope (CE) phase, it deserves close scrutiny. However, most population synthesis studies do not fully take into account the effects of the observational selection biases of the samples used to compare with the theoretical simulations. Here we present the results of a set of detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the population of WD+MS binaries in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7. We used up-to-date stellar evolutionary models, a complete treatment of the Roche lobe overflow episode, and a full implementation of the orbital evolution of the binary systems. Moreover, in our treatment we took into account the selection criteria and all the known observational biases. Our population synthesis study allowed us to make a meaningful comparison with the available observational data. In particular, we examined the CE efficiency, the possible contribution of internal energy, and the initial mass ratio distribution (IMRD) of the binary systems. We found that our simulations correctly reproduce the properties of the observed distribution of WD+MS PCEBs. In particular, we found that once the observational biases are carefully taken into account, the distribution of orbital periods and of masses of the WD and MS stars can be correctly reproduced for several choices of the free parameters and different IMRDs, although models in which a moderate fraction (<=10%) of the internal energy is used to eject the CE and in which a low value of CE efficiency is used (<=0.3) seem to fit better the observational data. We also found that systems with He-core WDs are over-represented in the observed sample, due to selection effects.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Food and nutrient intake in Spanish vegetarians and vegans

Objective: Vegetarian and vegan diets have gained popularity in Spain. ere is no available information about specic food, supplementary intake and macro and micronutrient prole in Spanish vegetarian population. is study aimed to determine and evaluate their dietary intake. Methods: One hundred two Spanish vegetarian and vegans completed a food frequency questionnaire from which their specic food consumption as well daily intake of macro and micronutrients was assessed and subsequently compared to Spanish Dietary Reference intakes. Results: In both groups the diet appeared well balanced with a healthy distribution of macronutrients and fatty acids and a high content of ber. Vegan subjects showed higher intakes of vegetables, nuts and seeds as compared to vegetarians. At micronutrient level, almost all the vitamins and minerals intake covered Spanish Dietary Reference intakes. Intakes of vitamin B12 and D were below recommendations in both groups. In those micronutrients with a lower intake, higher proportions of vegetarians did meet recommendations as compared to vegans. Conclusions: Diet appeared well balanced regarding macronu- trients and ber. Almost all of the vitamins and mineral intake covered the Spanish DRIs, except B12 and D. Further studies with a large sample are needed to establish conclusions to the Spanish vegetarian population

Una cuestión de derechos humanos: las prácticas nocivas descritas en la meta 5.3. de la Agenda 2030: el matrimonio infantil, precoz y forzado, y la mutilación genital femenina

This work analyzes, first of all, the concepts of child, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation, scourges present in many countries of international society and that affect millions of children and women. Second, the main factors that favor these practices, the social, economic and human consequences that the generate are studied; and the fundamental rights violated. The third part analyzes the legal, political and social measures that, since the end of the 20th, have been applied bu the different actors of the international Society: States, International Organizations and NGOs, fundamentally, for the eradication of Child, Precocious and Forced Marriage, and Female Genital Mutilation.Este trabajo analiza, en primer lugar, los conceptos de Matrimonio infantil, precoz y forzado, y de la Mutilación Genital femenina, lacras presentes en muchos países de la sociedad internacional y que afectan a millones de niñas/os y mujeres. En segundo lugar, se estudian los principales factores que favorecen estas prácticas, las consecuencias sociales, económicas y humanas que generan; y los derechos fundamentales vulnerados. La tercera parte analiza las medidas de carácter jurídico, político, y social que, desde finales del siglo XX, aplican los diferentes actores de la Sociedad internacional: Estados, Organizaciones Internacionales y ONGs, fundamentalmente, para la erradicación del Matrimonio Infantil, precoz y forzado, y la Mutilación Genital Femenina.

Brasil: protagonismo e incertidumbres en la escena internacional

Brasil, una potencia emergente y dentro del grupo de los BRIC, no puede ser considerada una potencia a nivel global ni tan siquiera una potencia regional. En el país carioca habitan elementos de inestabilidad en el orden interno que se plasman, muy en particular, en los índices de violencia o en la desigualdad. No obstante, la política exterior brasileña ha optado por afirmar el liderazgo y participación de Brasil a través de mecanismos y fórmulas «blandas» de ejercer poder en las relaciones internacionales. Los resultados de una política así no han sido despreciables y Brasil, con muchas incertidumbres, se abre paso en la escena internacional asumiendo un cierto protagonismo. La voluntad de Brasil es afirmar su liderazgo en el área suramericana y extender su influencia en el conjunto de América. Asimismo, se pretende asegurar su presencia en organismos y foros internacionales en los que se adoptan las decisiones de gobernanza mundial.Brazil, an emerging power and within the BRIC group, can not be considered a global power or even a regional power. In the carioca country living elements of instability in the internal order which are reflected, most notably in the rates o violence or inequality. However, the Brazilian foreign policy has chosen to sustain the leadership and participation of Brazil through mechanism and «soft forms of exercise power in international relations. The results of such a policy have not been negligible and Brazil, with many uncertainties, it makes its way on the international stage assuming a certain role. Will Brazil is asserting its leadership in the South Ameri- can area and extend its influence in the whole of America. It also aims to ensure its presence in international organizations and forums in which decisions are taken global governance

Factores asociados con casos esporádicos de salmonelosis en niños de 1 a 7 años. Estudio de casos y controles

ObjetivoEl conocimiento de los factores de riesgo de la salmonelosis proviene en gran parte de los estudios de brotes de toxiinfección alimentaria, pero es menos conocida la epidemiología de los casos esporádicos. Sin embargo, muchos de los casos atendidos en el sistema sanitario son esporádicos, especialmente niños. Este estudio pretende aportar conocimientos sobre algunos de los determinantes de esos casos.MétodosEstudio de casos y controles (113 niños) de hospital y atención primaria. Casos incidentes de diarrea en niños de 1 a 7 años ocurridos entre diciembre de 1994 y diciembre de 1995 y con coprocultivo positivo a Salmonella. Controles de igual procedencia pero con coprocultivo positivo a Campylobacter o virus. Se estudian factores alimentarios, del entorno de los casos y antecedentes próximos. Se calculan las Odds Ratio (OR) ajustadas por los factores relacionados, edad, sexo y época del año mediante regresión logística.ResultadosEl consumo de carne picada del comercio durante los tres días previos a la diarrea, OR=4,07 (1,20–13,8) y OR=5,63 (1,34–23,6) para cada grupo control, la posesión de animales domésticos, OR=8,27 (1,96–34,9) y la toma de antibióticos en la semana previa a la diarrea, OR=4,75 (0,84–27,0) estuvieron epidemiológicamente asociados con la enfermedad.ConclusionesLa epidemiología de los casos esporádicos de salmonelosis en niños de esta edad parece diferir de la de los típicamente asociados a brotes de infección alimentaria, y es más compleja. El consumo de carne picada en el comercio, la toma previa de antibióticos y la posesión de animales domésticos pueden suponer un riesgo para la salmonelosis infantil y habrían de ser considerados en futuros estudios sobre esta materia.BackgroundKnowledge about salmonellosis risk factors mainly comes from foodborne outbreaks, and we know little about sporadic cases epidemiology. However most of the cases are sporadic, specially children. This study aims to find out some of determinants of these cases.MethodsA case-control study with incident cases and controls from the same base population (laboratory diagnosed cases). Cases were children 1–7 years old, afected by diarrohea with culture stools positive to Salmonella between decembre 1994 and decembre 1995. Controls from the same source, but positive culture to Campylobacter or viruses. We study food and other environmental risk factors. Odds ratio (OR) are calculated adjusted for age, sex, and year period (cool and cold) by logistic regression.ResultsEating minced meat during three days before symptoms, OR 4,07 (1.20–13.8) and OR 5.63 (1.34–23.6); pets, OR 8.27 (1.96–34.9), and antibiotics the week before symptoms, OR 4.75 (0.84–27.0) were epidemiologicaly associated with salmonelosis diarrohea.ConclusionsEpidemiology of salmonelosis sporadic cases in children seems diferent to the foodborne associated cases and is more complex. Minced meat tree days before symptoms, antibiotics the week before symptoms, and pets could be a risk for this kind of cases. Future studies must also take account of this factors

A case–control study to assess the effectiveness of pertussis vaccination during pregnancy on newborns, Valencian community, Spain, 1 March 2015 to 29 February 2016

In the Valencian Community (Spain), the programme of maternal pertussis vaccination during pregnancy started in January 2015. The objective of this study was to estimate in this region the vaccine effectiveness (VE) in protecting newborns against laboratory-confirmed pertussis infection. A matched case–control study was undertaken in the period between 1 March 2015 and 29 February 2016. Twenty-two cases and 66 controls (+/− 15 days of age difference) were included in the study. Cases were non-vaccinated infants < 3 months of age at disease onset testing positive for pertussis by real-time PCR. For every case three unvaccinated controls were selected. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by multiple conditional logistic regression for association between maternal vaccination and infant pertussis. Other children in the household, as well as mother- and environmental covariates were taken into account. The VE was calculated as 1 − OR. Mothers of five cases (23%) and of 41 controls (62%) were vaccinated during pregnancy. The adjusted VE was 90.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 56.6 to 98.1). The only covariate in the final model was breastfeeding (protective effect). Our study provides evidence in favour of pertussis vaccination programmes for pregnant women in order to prevent whooping cough in infants aged less than 3 months