Leyes aplicables al conflicto armado no internacional, disturbios internos y hostilidades

We always hear and see much news about protests, demonstrations, riots, and rebellions everywhere around the globe. These protests and riots all have many motives and causes, and in most of these things we always see an initiating reason that provokes anger within the people and forces them into joining these riots, rebellions, and protests. The most important matter is how governments must deal with these issues. What we are considering here is the laws and rules which are applicable to deal with these affairs correctly, and to what extent and under what conditions has “the Human Rights” allowed the governments to deal with such conditions?Siempre escuchamos y vemos muchas noticias sobre protestas, manifestaciones, disturbios y rebeliones en todo el mundo. Todas estas protestas y disturbios tienen muchos motivos y causas, y en la mayoría de estas cosas siempre vemos una razón inicial que provoca enojo en la gente y los obliga a unirse a estos disturbios, rebeliones y protestas. Lo más importante es cómo los gobiernos deben lidiar con estos problemas. Lo que estamos considerando aquí son las leyes y reglas que son aplicables para tratar estos asuntos correctamente, y ¿en qué medida y bajo qué condiciones los "Derechos Humanos" han permitido a los gobiernos lidiar con tales condiciones

El papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial de Comercio

In this study, the role of the World Customs Organization (WCO) in advancing the objectives and plans of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is the programs and regulations of the WCO which are aimed at promoting the goals of the WTO. One of the most important of them is to simplify and facilitate the international trade of goods globally. There were interactions between the two organizations since the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which we will examine. The method of this research is descriptive. Using available resources in the Customs Libraries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Customs Education and Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran as well as the guidance of customs professors, all of which are among the leading customs experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In general, what we found in this study was that international trade facilitation could not be possible without the presence of the WCO, and the WTO needs the WCO and its assistance in this regard.En este estudio, el papel de la Organización Mundial de Aduanas (OMA) en el avance de los objetivos y planes de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC), son los programas y regulaciones de la OMA que tienen como objetivo promover los objetivos de la OMC. Lo importante de ellos es simplificar y facilitar el comercio internacional de bienes a nivel mundial. Hubo interacciones entre las dos organizaciones desde el Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio, que examinaremos. El método de esta investigación es descriptivo. Uso de los recursos disponibles en las Bibliotecas de Aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán y el Centro de Educación e Investigación Aduanera de la República Islámica de Irán, así como la orientación de los profesores de aduanas, todos los cuales se encuentran entre los principales expertos en aduanas de la República Islámica de Irán. En general, lo que encontramos en este estudio fue que la facilitación del comercio internacional no podría ser posible sin la presencia de la OMA, y la OMC necesita a la OMA y su asistencia a este respecto

Additive manufacturing of thin-walled SS316L-IN718 functionally graded materials by direct laser metal deposition

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a good response to those advanced applications that service requirements are diverse and require high performance. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology, with its many advantages, including high flexibility for complex geometries and near-net-shape integration, has attracted special attention in the development of FGMs. In this research, the solidification behavior and microstructure evolution in the laser additive manufacturing of thin-walled stainless steel 316L-Inconel 718 graded materials have been studied with the help of solidification concepts in the welding metallurgy, according to the common principles of welding and additive manufacturing processes. For this purpose, optical and electron microscopy techniques, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, and microhardness measurement were used along the build direction of FGMs with different transition designs. Microstructure evaluation showed that due to re-melting of layers, despite the increased undercooling in the build direction, morphological evolution occasionally occurred periodically between solidification modes, and due to thermal accumulation, a coarser microstructure is formed in the final layers. In addition, in the chemical analysis, it was observed that the mixing of adjacent layers caused by dilution led to a deviation of the composition distribution from the desired design. Also, the microsegregation of some elements during the non-equilibrium solidification of the process caused secondary phases such as carbides and intermetallic compound of Laves, which can have an adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the structure. However, microhardness variations along the cross-section of the samples showed that the gradation of the dissimilar thin-walled structure can effectively bring the properties and behavior of adjacent layers closer together and therefore be very useful in improving the service life

Investigation of survival ratio and growth rate in offspring of Salmo trutta caspius

We investigated the survival ratio and the growth rate of offspring of Salmo tuna caspius produced from three groups of brood fish in Shahid Bahonar Rearing and Breeding Center in Klardasht in 2005. The three groups of brood fish belonged the early, mid, and late-migration period. The sampling was done randomly, and in each group 15 female and 5 male fish were included. After spawning and hatching, 22500 eggs were used in each group (3 treatments, repeated 9 times). The results showed no significant difference in the survival ratio of the egg and larva in the three groups of the brood fish in each stage of evolution up to two months after the start of active feeding (P>0.05). However, after the start of active feeding there was a significant difference (P 0.05). Based on the results, we suggest that the brood fish from the early migration period are more suitable for producing offspring and their offspring pass through the smoltification stage more rapidly. However, in terms of genetic diversity, it would be appropriate to use brood fish from all migration periods

A comparative study of analytical rosenthal, finite element, and experimental approaches in laser welding of aa5456 alloy

Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES): Grant number: UIDB/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI).The thermal regime and microstructural phenomenon are studied by using finite-element (FE) modelling and the analytical Rosenthal equation during laser welding of aluminum alloy 5456 (AA5456) components. A major goal is to determine the merits and demerits of this analytical equation which can be an alternative to FE analysis, and to evaluate the effect of imperative assumptions on predicted consequences. Using results from the analytical and numerical approaches in conjunction with experiments, different physical features are compared. In this study, the results obtained from experiments in terms of melt pool shapes are compared with the predicted ones achieved from the numerical and analytical approaches in which the FE model is more accurate than the Rosenthal equation in the estimation of the melt pool dimensions. Furthermore, as to the partially melted zones, the estimations achieved from the numerical modeling are more genuine than ones from the analytical equation with regards to the experimental results. At high energy density, near keyhole welding mode, the reported results show that experimental melt widths are supposed to be narrower than the fusion widths estimated by the analytical solution. The primary explanation could be the influence of thermal losses that occurred during convection and radiation, which are neglected in the Rosenthal equation. Additionally, the primary dendrite arm spacing (PDAS) estimated with the numerical modeling and the analytical Rosenthal solution is comparable with the experimental results obtained.publishersversionpublishe

Examining of Nutritional and Remedial Properties of Olive in Quran, Hadiths, Traditional and Modern Medicine

سابقه و هدف: زیتون با نام علمی اولئا یوروپائه­آ، از تیره‌ی اولئاسه­آ، یکی از میوه‌هایی است که در نواحی مدیترانه، آسیای مرکزی و در بخش‌هایی از آفریقا کشت می‌شود و میزان تولید سالیانه‌ی آن در جهان بیش از 4/17 میلیون تن است. با گسترش و پیشرفت علم در حوزه‌های مختلف، روزبه‌روز فواید و خواص طبی و تغذیه‌یی جدیدی از زیتون آشکار می‌شود. با پژوهش در قرآن، روایات و احادیث پیامبر (ص) و امامان معصوم (ع) درمی‌یابیم که به بسیاری از خواص این میوه که علوم جدید آنها را اثبات کرده، قبلاً اشاره‌ شده است. به‌طورکلی زیتون در درمان زخم معده و دیگر بیماری‌های دستگاه گوارش، فشارخون، آسم، بیماری‌های قلبی، دیابت، شکستگی و پوکی استخوان و بیماری‌های پوستی مؤثر است و سبب تحریک ترشح ادرار، جلوگیری از ریزش مو و کاهش التهاب و تب می‌شود. روش کار: در تحقیق حاضر، خواص طبی زیتون از منظر قرآن کریم، احادیث و منابع طب سنتی و نیز پژوهش‌های علمی انجام‌شده طی سال‌های 2000 تا 2016، بررسی و مطالعه شده است. در این پژوهش همه‌ی موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است. علاوه‌براین، نویسندگان مقاله هیچ‌گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده‌اند. یافته‌ها: طب نوين باوجود پیشرفت‌های بسیار، در سال‌های اخیر به یافته‌هایی رسيده كه قرن‌ها قبل در كتب قدما و حكماي طب سنّتي ايران و اسلام به‌سادگی و با جزئیات بیان‌شده‌است. نتایج پژوهش اخیر نیز نشان می‌دهد که زیتون در پیشگیری از بیماری­های قلبی، آلزایمر، سرطان‌های روده‌ی بزرگ، پوست، پروستات، سینه، رحم و تخمدان؛ دیابت، بیماری‌های التهابی و خودایمن مانند روماتیسم، پوکی استخوان و بیماری‌های عصبی مانند نشانگان داون مؤثر؛ و همچنین دارای اثرهای ضدالتهابی، ضدمیکروبی و آنتی‌اکسیدانی است. نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌های اين پژوهش می‌تواند گامي مؤثر در جهت تأیید جنبه‌های علمي قرآن و احادیث پیامبر (ص) و ائمه (ع)، به‌ویژه در مورد میوه‌هایی نظیر زیتون، محسوب شود. Background and Objective: Olive (Olea europaea), a species in the family of Oleaceae, is one of the fruits that grows in the Mediterranean region, central Asia and some parts of Africa. Annual production of this fruit is about 17.4 million tons in the world. With scientific development in various fields in recent years, new medical and nutritional properties of olive have been discovered. It was found that many of demonstrated properties of this fruit in modern science have already been pointed out in the Quran, narrations and hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (S) and Imams (AS). Olive generally is effective in the treatment of stomach ulcers and other gastrointestinal diseases, hypertension, asthma, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, bone fractures and osteoporosis, cutaneous diseases, stimulation of urination, prevention of hair loss and reduction of inflammation and fever. Method: In this study, medical properties of olive were investigated in the Quran, hadiths, traditional medicine as well as recent scientific researches (2000 - 2016). All ethical issues were observed. Moreover, the authors did not report conflict of interest. Results: Along with the recommendations of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (s), Imams and traditional medicine about the consumption of olive, findings of recent studies also indicate that this fruit is effective in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cancers of colon, skin, prostate, breast, uterine and ovarian, diabetes, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases such as Down syndrome. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties also reported for olive. Conclusion: The findings of this research can be an effective step confirming the scientific aspects of the Quran and narratives of the Prophet Muhammad (S) and Imams (AS), especially in the case of fruits like olive

Printability and microstructure of directed energy deposited SS316l-IN718 multi-material: numerical modeling and experimental analysis

In the present paper, the interrelated aspects of additive manufacturing-microstructure-property in directed energy deposition of SS316L-IN718 multi-material were studied through numerical modeling and experimental evaluation. The printability concept and solidification principles were used for this purpose. The printability analysis showed that the SS316L section is more susceptible to composition change and lack of fusion, respectively due to the high equilibrium vapor pressure of manganese and the more efficient heat loss in the initial layers. However, the IN718 section is more prone to distortion due to the formation of a larger melt pool, with a maximum thermal strain of 3.95 × 10 in the last layer. As the process continues, due to heat accumulation and extension of the melt pool, the cooling rate decreases and the undercooling level increases, which respectively result in coarser microstructure and more instability of solidification front in the build direction, as also observed in the experimental results. The difference is that the dendritic microstructure of the IN718 section, due to the eutectic reaction L → γ + Laves, is formed on a smaller scale compared to the cellular microstructure of the SS316L section. Also, the decrease in cooling rate caused the secondary phase fraction in each section (delta ferrite in SS316L and Laves in IN718) to increase almost linearly. However, the hardness calculation and measurement showed similarly, even though with the transition from SS316L to IN718 the hardness is significantly increased due to higher yield strength of the matrix and the presence of Laves intermetallic phase (~ 260 HV0.3), the hardness in each section decreases slightly due to the coarsening of the microstructure from the initial layer to the final. [Abstract copyright: © 2022. The Author(s).

The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Saffron (Crocus sativus L. Stigma ) on the Behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium in A Food Model during Storage at Different Temperatures

Background: Given the concerns about the use of chemical preservatives in food, the consumers and producers have been interested in natural alternatives, such as plant essential oils and extracts. Since there are limited studies about the effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on the behavior of foodborne pathogens in food models, this study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract of saffron stigma on the growth behavior of Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in commercial barley soup (as a food model) during storage at different temperatures. Method s : The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined against S. Typhimurium using broth microdilution method. The growth of S . Typhimurium was investigated in the presence of this extract in commercial barley soup during 12 days of storage at 10, 20, and 30 °C. Results: The MIC and MBC values for saffron extract against S . Typhimurium were 100 and >200 mg/m l , respectively. Also, the saffron extract at a concentration of 200 mg/ml and temperature of 10 °C had the highest inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria in commercial barley soup during storage. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the antimicrobial effect of this extract increased in a dose -dependent manner against this bacterium. Therefore, the use of proper concentrations of this extract together with appropriate storage temperature can have an appropriate inhibitory effect on the growth of this bacterium, improving food safety shelf life

The impact of herbal infusion consumption on oxidative stress and cancer: The good, the bad, the misunderstood

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress is associated with the development of many ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer. The causal link between oxidative stress and cancer is well established and antioxidants are suggested as a protective mechanism against cancer development. Recently, an increase in the consumption of antioxidant supplements was observed globally. The main sources of these antioxidants include fruits, vegetables, and beverage. Herbal infusions are highly popular beverages consumed daily for different reasons. Studies showed the potent antioxidant effects of plants used in the preparation of some herbal infusions. Such herbal infusions represent an important source of antioxidants and can be used as a dietary protection against cancer. However, uncontrolled consumption of herbal infusions may cause toxicity and reduced antioxidant activity. In this review, eleven widely consumed herbal infusions were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities, anticancer potential and possible toxicity. These herbal infusions are highly popular and consumed as daily drinks in different countries. Studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for researchers to have better understanding of the use of herbal infusions to reduce oxidative stress and as protective supplements against cancer development

The effect of Nd:YAG laser pulse duration and post-weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of laser-welded NiTi shape memory alloy

The heat input is the most critical factor in pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding and affects the microstructure and mechanical behavior of the welded alloys. NiTi alloy has been used for various applications such as medical equipment and MEMS due to its unique shape memory effect, superelasticity, and excellent corrosion and fatigue performance. This research investigated the effect of heat input and post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of similar NiTi shape memory wires joints. For this purpose, NiTi wires were welded with pulse widths of 5, 8, and 11 ms, and then, heat treatment was performed. Microstructures of the welded alloys were examined using optical and electron microscopes and chemical composition was analyzed with an EDS analysis system. The mechanical properties were evaluated using tensile and microhardness tests. A desirable NiTi SMA joint was achieved by Nd:YAG laser, and the properties were improved by following post weld heat treatment.Investigations showed that microstructure and mechanical properties were changed by increasing the heat input. After applying PWHT due to recrystallization and the creation of new phases in the weld zone, the final strength of the joints increased up to 80%, and the behavior of the plateau region became similar to shape memory behavior in the NiTi alloy