PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PLASTIK JENIS HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) DENGAN PASIR LAUT TERHADAP DAYA TAHAN LAPIS PERKERASAN ASPAL BETON

ABSTRAK: Agregat halus yang digunakan pada Laston biasanya berupa pasir sungai. Penggunaan pasir sungai saat ini menyebabkan terganggunya ekosistem sungai tersebut sehingga perlu memanfaatkan pasir laut yang relatif masih memungkinkan untuk dieksploitasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan pasir laut untuk campuran aspal serta penambahan berupa plastik jenis HDPE (High Density Polyethylene), dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan berbagai karakteristik aspal, terutama dalam meningkatkan nilai stabilitas. Campuran agregat menggunakan pasir laut sebagai agregat halus dan plastik jenis High Density Polyethylene dengan variasi kadar plastik yaitu 2, 4, 6 persen. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa campuran aspal dengan pasir laut dan penambahan plastik jenis High Density Polyethylene pada campuran aspal mempengaruhi nilai karakteristik Marshall. Nilai VMA terendah diperoleh pada HDPE 6 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 17,37 persen lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Nilai VIM terendah diperoleh pada HDPE 2 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 3 persen lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Nilai VFA tertinggi terletak pada HDPE 6 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 78,62 persen dan nilai terendah terletak pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 67,89 persen. Nilai stabilitas tertinggi terletak pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 1065,22 kg dan nilai terendah pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 941,718 kg. Nilai flow tertinggi pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 sebesar 3,8 mm dan nilai terendah terletak pada HDPE 0 persen dengan kadar aspal 4,5 persen sebesar 3,4 mm. Nilai Marshall quotient terendah terletak pada HDPE 4 persen dengan kadar aspal 5,5 persen sebesar 255,94 kg/mm lebih rendah dibanding aspal tanpa HDPE. Dari hasil pengujian tersebut diketahui bahwa campuran paling optimal yaitu pada campuran aspal dengan HDPE 4 persen yang dapat dilihat pada karaktersitik pengujian Marshall  Kata Kunci : Aspal Beton, Marshall, HDPE,Pasir Lau

Diferenciais de utilização do cuidado de saúde no sistema suplementar brasileiro

Este artigo investiga os diferenciais de utilização de serviços no sistema de saúde brasileiro a partir de uma análise contrafactual utilizando os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra Domiciliar de 1998 e 2003. Duas variáveis de utilização do cuidado médico foram selecionadas: consultas médicas e dias de internação. Os resultados sugerem a presença de sobreutilização para os dois tipos de cuidado, mas a magnitude desse diferencial é mais elevada para consultas do que para internações: para consultas, verificamos que os indivíduos que têm plano de saúde utilizam, em média, 25% a mais do que utilizariam se estivessem no sistema de saúde público e, para internações, esse diferencial está no intervalo de 8 a 15%. Para contornar a endogeneidade entre as decisões de ter plano de saúde e de utilização propomos três procedimentos. Os resultados são bastante robustos e estão em consonância com a evidência empírica internacional.This paper investigates the existence of differentials of healthcare utilization between private and non private insured individuals using a counter-factual analysis. We estimate healthcare utilization for 1998 and 2003. Two variables of healthcare utilization have been selected: medical visits and the number of inpatient days. The main findings suggest a positive differential of utilization for private insured individuals. The magnitude of these differentials varies across types of medical care. Considering medical visits we found that each individual in the private sector uses 25% more services than if they only have access to healthcare services through public sector and for inpatient days this percentage is lower, around 10%.We use three different procedures to deal with the endogeneity of private insurance decision. Our findings are very robust and in accordance with international empirical evidence

Impactos do estado de saúde sobre os rendimentos individuals no Brasil

The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of health conditions on the earnings of Brazilians. We have identified three channels through which health conditions affect workers' earnings: labour force participation, hourly wages and weekly hours worked. A measure of the welfare reduction due to poor health conditions was created by aggregating individual losses. Individuals were classified as sick or healthy according to two criteria. Firstly, the clinical criterion which was based on the presence of chronic diseases or problems with physical mobility. Secondly, the subjective criterion which was based on the health self assessment. Each Brazilian individual looses from R$6,30 till R$ 16,89 per week depending on individual characteristics. In relative terms these aggregated losses represent from 1.5% till 4.7% of the Brazilian GDP. The data base used in this work were PNAD/1998 (Brazilian National Household Survey). In 1998, the PNAD had an additional survey about health

In vitro culture of sugarcane exposed to different light sources

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes comprimentos de onda no desenvolvimento in vitro de mudas de cana‑de‑açúcar. Explantes foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos de diodos emissores de luz (LED): 100% azul; 70% azul + 30% vermelha; 30% azul + 70% vermelha; 100% vermelha, além do controle com lâmpada fluorescente branca. As plântulas foram avaliadas quanto a: número de brotações; altura; massa de matéria fresca e seca; e conteúdo de carotenoides e das clorofilas a e b. Observou-se desmanche dos tilacoides nos cloroplastos, proporcional ao aumento na incidência de luz vermelha. O porte das mudas diminui com o aumento na incidência de luz vermelha.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different wave length on the in vitro development of sugarcane seedlings. Explants were subjected to four light emitting diodes (LED): 100% blue; 70% blue + 30% red; 30% blue + 70% red; 100% red, besides the control with white fluorescent lamp. Seedlings were evaluated for: number of shoots; height; fresh and dry matter mass; and contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b. It was observed thylakoid disarrangement in the chloroplast, proportional to the increasing incidence of red light. The size of the in vitro produced seedlings reduces with the increase of red light incidence

In vitro culture of sugarcane exposed to different light sources

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different wave length on the in vitro development of sugarcane seedlings. Explants were subjected to four light emitting diodes (LED): 100% blue; 70% blue + 30% red; 30% blue + 70% red; 100% red, besides the control with white fluorescent lamp. Seedlings were evaluated for: number of shoots; height; fresh and dry matter mass; and contents of carotenoids and chlorophyll a and b. It was observed thylakoid disarrangement in the chloroplast, proportional to the increasing incidence of red light. The size of the in vitro produced seedlings reduces with the increase of red light incidence.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes comprimentos de onda no desenvolvimento in vitro de mudas de cana-de-açúcar. Explantes foram submetidos a quatro tratamentos de diodos emissores de luz (LED): 100% azul; 70% azul + 30% vermelha; 30% azul + 70% vermelha; 100% vermelha, além do controle com lâmpada fluorescente branca. As plântulas foram avaliadas quanto a: número de brotações; altura; massa de matéria fresca e seca; e conteúdo de carotenoides e das clorofilas a e b. Observou-se desmanche dos tilacoides nos cloroplastos, proporcional ao aumento na incidência de luz vermelha. O porte das mudas diminui com o aumento na incidência de luz vermelha.13031307Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Measurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). METHODS: We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate. FINDINGS: The highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally. INTERPRETATION: At a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access