Question particles in Basque

This article proposes separate analyses for the question particles -a and al in Basque, which occur only in polarity questions, within the framework of Generative Grammar. I will propose that the former one, used in the eastern dialects, is the head of FiniteP and that the latter one, used in the central dialects, occupies the head of Particle Phrase located between TP and the CP field. I provide the following evidence in support of this dual analysis: 1) -a can be used with ote but no other particle can appear at the same time with al; 2) al is compatible with allocutivity but -a is not; 4) and, finally, al can be used in embedded clauses, whereas -a cannot. The fact that -a is not allowed to occur in indirect questions and that it is incompatible with the allocutive verbal paradigm shows that it is in complementary distribution with the head of CP and, therefore, that -a occupies such a head; on the other hand, the impossibility of al to appear with other particles suggest that they must occur in the same position and, since it can appear in embedded questions and with allocutive forms, it does not occupy the head of the CP, but the head of a phrase below

Question particles in Basque

This article proposes separate analyses for the question particles -a and al in Basque, which occur only in polarity questions, within the framework of Generative Grammar. I will propose that the former one, used in the eastern dialects, is the head of FiniteP and that the latter one, used in the central dialects, occupies the head of Particle Phrase located between TP and the CP field. I provide the following evidence in support of this dual analysis: 1) -a can be used with ote but no other particle can appear at the same time with al; 2) al is compatible with allocutivity but -a is not; 4) and, finally, al can be used in embedded clauses, whereas -a cannot. The fact that -a is not allowed to occur in indirect questions and that it is incompatible with the allocutive verbal paradigm shows that it is in complementary distribution with the head of CP and, therefore, that -a occupies such a head; on the other hand, the impossibility of al to appear with other particles suggest that they must occur in the same position and, since it can appear in embedded questions and with allocutive forms, it does not occupy the head of the CP, but the head of a phrase below

Galderetako - a, al eta ote partikulak euskaraz: sintaxia, mikroaldakortasuna eta interpretazioa

405 p.Euskarak galderetan hainbat partikula modal eta diskurtsiboak erabiltzen ditu; tesi honetan horietako hiruri begiratu diot: ekialdeko hizkeretako -a, erdialdeko hizkerako al eta orokorra den ote. Euren analisi sintaktikoak agerian uzten du partikula horiek X0 estatusa dutela eta erdiko eremuan nola ezker periferian sortzen direla. Erabilera kanonikoaz gain, ekialdeko hizkeretan ohiko jokabidetik aldentzen diren hiru erabilera agertzen dira: a) XS izaera duen ote, b) nz-hitzekin batera osagai bat eratzen duen ote, eta c) perpaus amaiera absolutuan azaltzen den ote. Aldakortasun honek partikula modalen inguruan eztabaidatzen diren ikergaiak euskararen eta euskal dialektoen ikuspuntutik aztertzeko bidea eskaitzen du: a) partikula modalen izaera sintaktikoa, b) euren kokapen sintaktikoa, c) euren arteko hierarkia, eta d) indar ilokutiboarekiko harremana. Hartara, -a, al eta ote partikulen aztertzeak bai euskal gramatikaren ezagutza bai partikula modalen kategoriaren ikerketa zehaztea eta handitzea ekarri du

Galderetako - a, al eta ote partikulak euskaraz: sintaxia, mikroaldakortasuna eta interpretazioa

405 p.Euskarak galderetan hainbat partikula modal eta diskurtsiboak erabiltzen ditu; tesi honetan horietako hiruri begiratu diot: ekialdeko hizkeretako -a, erdialdeko hizkerako al eta orokorra den ote. Euren analisi sintaktikoak agerian uzten du partikula horiek X0 estatusa dutela eta erdiko eremuan nola ezker periferian sortzen direla. Erabilera kanonikoaz gain, ekialdeko hizkeretan ohiko jokabidetik aldentzen diren hiru erabilera agertzen dira: a) XS izaera duen ote, b) nz-hitzekin batera osagai bat eratzen duen ote, eta c) perpaus amaiera absolutuan azaltzen den ote. Aldakortasun honek partikula modalen inguruan eztabaidatzen diren ikergaiak euskararen eta euskal dialektoen ikuspuntutik aztertzeko bidea eskaitzen du: a) partikula modalen izaera sintaktikoa, b) euren kokapen sintaktikoa, c) euren arteko hierarkia, eta d) indar ilokutiboarekiko harremana. Hartara, -a, al eta ote partikulen aztertzeak bai euskal gramatikaren ezagutza bai partikula modalen kategoriaren ikerketa zehaztea eta handitzea ekarri du

Impacto de la Directiva de Servicios sobre el urbanismo comercial

Se hace un estudio completo de la Directiva de Servicios, desde su origen, hasta la trasposición de la Directiva por parte del Estado español. Asimismo, se estudian las consecuencias que tiene para nuestro Ordenamiento la implantación de la Directiva, sobre todo en relación a los procedimientos autorizatorios a priori y a posteriori que realiza la Administración, y que son modificados sustancialmente tras la implantación de la Directiva. Particularmente, se realiza un estudio sobre los controles administrativos en las grandes superficies comerciales y su adecuación a la Directiva. Finalmente, se estudia la normativa comercial aragonesa, su progresiva modificación tras la implantación de la Directiva, y los métodos de control de las grandes superficies en Aragó

A RELAÇÃO DA PREOCUPAÇÃO AMBIENTAL COM O CONSUMO DE PRODUTOS VERDES NO VAREJO

O objetivo com a presente pesquisa foi avaliar a relação da preocupação ambiental do consumidor com sua efetiva declaração de compra de produtos verdes no varejo. Orientado por uma linha de pesquisa que busca explicar o fato de o comportamento ter como precedente a intenção e não a atitude, foi avaliado se a preocupação dos consumidores com o meio ambiente está sendo convertidas em intenção de compra e posterior declaração de compra. O problema que orientou a pesquisa pode ser expresso pela seguinte questão: a preocupação ambiental está relacionada com a intenção de compra para se tornar compra declarada de produtos verdes no varejo? Para responder a essa questão e atender ao objetivo proposto, foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza quantitativa por meio de um survey com 1.233 consumidores reais de quatro capitais brasileiras, avaliando-se a percepção que eles possuem de si mesmos e dos outros. A análise de dados foi feita utilizando-se a modelagem de equações estruturais por meio do software SmartPLS 3.0. Os resultados indicam que os consumidores pesquisados não demonstram relacionar diretamente sua preocupação ambiental com a compra declarada de produtos verdes, que revelou ser formada pela intenção de compra. Isso foi observado nas duas condições, quando os consumidores responderam sobre a sua percepção e sobre a dos outros (sociedade). Palavras-chave: Consumo verde. Preocupação ambiental. Varejo. Comportamento do consumidor.   The relationship of environmental concern with green products consumer in retail   Abstract   The purpose with this research was to evaluate the environmental consumer concern with their actual purchase statement for green products in retail. Guided by a line of research that seeks to explain the fact that the behavior has as a precedent the intention and not the attitude was assessed to consumer concern about the environment and these are converted into purchase intent and purchase later statement. The problem oriented research can be expressed by the following question: Environmental concern is related to the purchase intention to become declared purchase of green products at retail? To resolve this matter and meet the proposed objective, a quantitative research through a survey with the 1233 actual consumers of four brazilian capitals assessing his perception as an individual was carried out and as he watches others. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation modeling through SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that consumers surveyed do not demonstrate directly relate their environmental concerns with the purchase declared for green products, which were shown to be formed by purchase intent. This perception takes place in the two conditions, when they respond on their perception and when they answer about how he observes others (society). Keywords: Green consumption. Environmental concern. Retail. Consumer behavior

What Is the Exact Contribution of PITX1 and TBX4 Genes in Clubfoot Development? An Italian Study

Congenital clubfoot is a common pediatric malformation that affects approximately 0.1% of all births. 80% of the cases appear isolated, while 20% can be secondary or associated with complex syndromes. To date, two genes that appear to play an important role are PTIX1 and TBX4, but their actual impact is still unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of pathogenic variants in PITX1 and TBX4 in Italian patients with idiopathic clubfoot. PITX1 and TBX4 genes were analyzed by sequence and SNP array in 162 patients. We detected only four nucleotide variants in TBX4, predicted to be benign or likely benign. CNV analysis did not reveal duplications or deletions involving both genes and intragenic structural variants. Our data proved that the idiopathic form of congenital clubfoot was rarely associated with mutations and CNVs on PITX1 and TBX4. Although in some patients, the disease was caused by mutations in both genes; they were responsible for only a tiny minority of cases, at least in the Italian population. It was not excluded that other genes belonging to the same TBX4-PITX1 axis were involved, even if genetic complexity at the origin of clubfoot required the involvement of other factors

Determinants of worse liver-related outcome according to HDV infection among HBsAg positive persons living with HIV: Data from the ICONA cohort

Objectives: We aimed to study hepatitis D virus (HDV) prevalence and risk of progression to severe liver-related events (SLRE) in HBsAg positive people living with HIV (PLWH) in Italy; role of HDV-RNA copy levels, HCV coinfection and nadir CD4 counts were also investigated.Methods: People living with HIV (PLWH) from Italian Foundation cohort Naive antiretrovirals (ICONA) with available HBsAg and HDV Ab were enrolled. HBsAg, HDV Ab, HDV-RNA and HDV genotypes were tested. Primary end-point: time from first HDV screening to Severe Liver Related Events (SLRE: decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplantation, HCC). Fine-grey regression models were used to evaluate the association of HDV Ab, HDV-RNA, HDV/HCV coinfection, CD4 nadir and outcome. Secondary end-points: time to SLRE or death; HDV Ab and HDV-RNA prevalence.Results: A total of 152/809 (18.8%) HBsAg positive PLWH showed HDV Ab reactivity; 63/93 (67.7%) were HDV-RNA positive. Being male, persons who inject drugs (PWID), HCV Ab positive, with FIB-4 > 3.25 were independent factors of HDV Ab positivity. In a median follow-up of 5 years, 37 PLWH (4.1% at 5-year) developed SLRE and 97 (12.0%) reached the SLRE or death end-point. HDV-RNA positive (independently from HDV-RNA copy level) PLWH had a 4.6-fold (95%CI 2.0-10.5) higher risk of SLRE than HDV negatives. PLWH positive for both HCV Ab and HDV Ab showed the highest independent risk of SLRE (ASHR: 11.9, 95%CI: 4.6-30.9 vs. HCV neg/HDV neg). Nadir CD4 < 200/mL was associated with SLRE (ASHR: 3.9, 95% 1.0-14.5).Conclusions: One-fifth of the HBsAg positive PLWH harbour HDV infection, and are at high risk of progression to advanced liver disease. HCV contributes to worse outcomes. This population needs urgently effective treatments

Access and response to direct antiviral agents (DAA) in HIV-HCV co-infected patients in Italy: Data from the Icona cohort

Background Real-life data on access and response to direct antiviral agents (DAA) in HIV-HCV coinfected individuals are lacking. Methods HCV viremic, HIV-positive patients from Icona and Hepaicona cohorts nave to DAA by January 2013 were included. Access and predictors of starting DAA were evaluated. Switches of antiretroviral drugs at starting DAA were described. We calculated sustained virological response (SVR12) in those reaching 12 weeks after end-of-treatment (EOT), and defined treatment failure (TF) as discontinuation of DAA before EOT or non-SVR12. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier curves, univariable and multivariable analyses evaluating predictors of access to DAA and of treatment outcome (non-SVR and TF). Results 2,607 patients included. During a median follow-up of 38 (IQR:30-41) months, 920 (35.3%) patients started DAA. Eligibility for reimbursement was the strongest predictor to access to treatment: 761/1,090 (69.8%) eligible and 159/1,517 (10.5%) non-eligible to DAA reimbursement. Older age, HIV-RNA50 copies/mL were associated to faster DAA initiation, higher CD4 count and HCV-genotype 3 with delayed DAA initiation in those eligible to DAA reimbursement. Up to 28% of patients (36% of those on ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, PI/r) underwent antiretroviral (ART) modification at DAA initiation. 545/595 (91.6%) patients reaching EOT achieved SVR12. Overall, TF occurred in 61/606 patients (10.1%), with 11 discontinuing DAA before EOT. Suboptimal DAA was the only independent predictor of both non-SVR12 (AHR 2.52, 95%CI:1.24-5.12) and TF (AHR: 2.19; 95%CI:1.13-4.22). Conclusions Only 35.3% had access to HCV treatment. Despite excellent rates of SVR12 rates (91.6%), only 21% (545/2,607) of our HIV-HCV co-infected patients are cured. © 2017 d'Arminio Monforte et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited