Peripheral blood metabolic and inflammatory factors as biomarkers to ocular findings in diabetic macular edema.

AIMS: To study the association between peripheral blood metabolic and inflammatory factors and presence of diabetic macular edema (DME) and its related anatomic features in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study on a proof of concept basis. Seventy-six T2DM included patients were divided based on the presence (n = 58) or absence of DME (n = 18) according to optical coherence tomography (OCT). Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) was performed in DME patients. Fasting peripheral blood sample testing included glycemia, glycated hemoglobin, creatinin and lipid levels among others. Serum levels of a broad panel of cytokines and inflammatory mediators were also analysed. OCT findings included central subfoveal thickness, diffuse retinal thickness (DRT), cystoid macular edema (CME), serous retinal detachment and epirretinal membrane. UWFA items included pattern of DME, presence of peripheral retinal ischemia and enlarged foveal avascular zone (FAZ). RESULTS: Metabolic and inflammatory factors did not statistically differ between groups. However, several inflammatory mediators did associate to certain ocular items of DME cases: IL-6 was significantly higher in patients with DRT (p = 0.044), IL-10 was decreased in patients with CME (p = 0.012), and higher IL-8 (p = 0.031) and VEGF levels (p = 0.031) were observed in patients with enlarged FAZ. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory and metabolic peripheral blood factors in T2DM may not be differentially associated to DME when compared to non-DME cases. However, some OCT and UWFA features of DME such as DRT, CME and enlarged FAZ may be associated to certain systemic inflammatory mediators

Complement factor H binding of monomeric C-reactive protein downregulates proinflammatory activity and is impaired with at risk polymorphic CFH variants

Inflammation and immune-mediated processes are pivotal to the pathogenic progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for AMD, the pathophysiological importance of the prototypical acute-phase reactant in the etiology of the disease is unknown, and data regarding the exact role of CRP in ocular inflammation are limited. In this study, we provide mechanistic insight into how CRP contributes to the development of AMD. In particular, we show that monomeric CRP (mCRP) but not the pentameric form (pCRP) upregulates IL-8 and CCL2 levels in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Further, we show that complement factor H (FH) binds mCRP to dampen its proinflammatory activity. FH from AMD patients carrying the 'risk' His402 polymorphism displays impaired binding to mCRP, and therefore proinflammatory effects of mCRP remain unrestrained

Proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein in uveitis associated with Behçet's disease

The aim of the present study was to determine the serum cytokine profile and levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with uveitis associated with Behcet's disease (BD) and to compare them with those obtained from healthy control subjects. We determined the serum concentration of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-12p70, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and hsCRP in 13 patients with active uveitis associated to BD, 24 inactive BD patients, and 20 controls. In a subgroup of 10 active patients, a second serum sample was obtained when the disease was inactive. Cytokine profiles and hsCRP levels were correlated with disease activity, severity, complications, and visual outcome. Levels of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were significantly increased in patients with active uveitis associated to BD compared to controls (P < 0.05). IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and hsCRP were significantly higher during active uveitis associated to BD compared to inactive disease (P < 0.05). Furthermore, IL-17A was significantly increased in patients with active BD without pharmacological treatment compared to controls (P < 0.05). No significant correlations were found with specific cytokine profiles and disease severity, visual outcome, or complications. In summary, increased serum levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17A, and hsCRP were associated with active uveitis associated with BD and might serve as markers of disease activity

Effect of Dexamethasone on cytolkine secretion in CD4+T cells in steroid refractori uveitis

Projecte de recerca elaborat a partir d’una estada a la facultat de Medical Sciences de la Universitat de Bristol, Alemanya, entre 2011 i 2012. Aquest treball s'ha realitzat a la facultat de Medical Sciences de la Universitat de Bristol, al laboratori del Prof. Andrew Di cks,o ta la seva supe1visi6. Ei treball s'ha realitzat amb els seus col.laboradors, el Dr Richard Lee i Lauren Schew:tz. Objectiu: Els glucocorticoids (GCs) tenen diversos efectes sobre les cèl.lules T CD4+ per modular la resposta immune principalment mitjançant els seus efectes anti-proliferatius. Tot i això la dexametasona (Dex, glucocorticoid sintètic) també indueix la secreció de la citocina immunosupressora IL-10 . L'objectiu d'aquest treball ha estat comparar la capacitat dels glucocorticoids en modular la producció de citocines en cèl.lules T CD4+ en pacients uveítics sensibles (SS), i resistents (SR) a esteroids. Metodologia: Es van aïllar cèl• lules T CD4+ de pacients uveítics SS i SR. Es va induir la producció de cèl.lules T regulatories (Tregs) i mitjançant I'estimulació amb anti- CD3/CD28 en presència d'lL-2 i Després del cultiu es van analitzar els nivells d’expressió intracel•lular de les citocines IL-10, IL-4, IL-9, IL-17 i IFN-y per citometria de flux. D'altra banda, també es van separar cèl.lules T CD4t de pacients uveïtis segons I'expressió de CCR6 i es van polaritzar per obtenir els fenotips ThO i Th17 per estudiar I'efecte de Dex i ciclosporina (CsA) en aquests subtipus cel.lulars. Resultats: Les cèl.lules T CD4+ de pacients SR no van ser capaces de produir IL-10 en resposta al tractament amb Dex. Dex no va afectar els nivells d'expressió d'11-17, però va reduir els nivells de IL-4 i IFN-V. Els nivells d'lL-9 (marcador d'un subtipus cel.lular recentment descrit, Th9) v ise r sempre inferiors a 11%. En canvi, el traclament a amb CsA va reduir significativament els nivells d'lL-17 i IFN-y en cèl.lules Th17 i ThO. Conclusions: La Dex no és capaç d'induir cèl.lules Treg funcionalment supresores en pacients veiticsS R. Aquest fenòmen és Independent dels efectes en I'expressió d'altres citocines. Aquests resultats suggereixen que I'efecte de la Dex sobre la funció de cél.lules Treg és clau en el desenvolupament del fenotip SR en la uveïtis . D'altra banda, al llarg d'aquest temps he iniciat un nou projecte que ha donat lloc a un futur projecte de col elaboració. Resumidament, degut a que els nivells elevats de proteïna C-reactiva (CRP) són un factor de risc en la degeneració macular, malaltia inflamatòria crònica principal causa de ceguera en països industrialitzats, I'objectiu d'aquest altre treball ha estat iniciar un projecte per avaluar els efectes de les diferents isoformes de la CRP sobre la resposta inflamatòria d’epiteli pigmentari retinià

Mecanismes de formació del trombe en condicions de flux arterial: Efecte de la proteïna C-reactiva, la inflamació i la rosuvastatina

[cat] Els mecanismes d'adhesió plaquetària i formació de trombes arterials venen determinats en gran mesura per l'entorn biomecànic, concretament per la velocitat i l'esforç de cisalla local. El present treball pretén aprofundir en el coneixement de diferents mecanismes inflamatoris implicats en el desencadenament de la trombosi arterial, concretament en els processos d'adhesió i activació plaquetàries. La creixent importància de la proteïna C-reactiva (CRP), un reactant de fase aguda, no només com a marcador sino com a modulador de la malaltia cardiovascular, així com la controvèrsia que ha sorgit dels seus estudis ens va plantejar estudiar l'efecte de les diferents isoformes de la CRP sobre el creixement del trombe en condicions de flux arterial. Així, vam conloure que les diferents isoformes de la CRP difereixen en els seus efectes sobre el creixement del trombe. Concretament, la isoforma monomèrica de CRP (mCRP) té un fenotip protrombòtic que indueix activació i adhesió plaquetària i el creixement del trombe en condicions de flux arterial, tant quan es troba en forma circulant com immobilitzada, mitjançant l'increment de P-selectina a la superfície plaquetària. En canvi, la isoforma nativa (natCRP) no té cap efecte en l'adhesió plaquetària ni en el creixement del trombe. Tanmateix, la CRP interacciona amb les plaquetes i s'incorpora a l'estructura tridimensional del trombe. D'altra banda, es desconeix si l'oclusió coronària per se, en absència de malaltia ateroscleròtica subjacent i altres factors de risc, pot produir una resposta inflamatòria aguda tant local com sistèmica que indueixi l'activació i adhesió de les plaquetes. Així, vam demostrar en un model porcí d'infart de miocardi que la isquèmia miocàrdica, en absència d'aterosclerosi, indueix expressió de mCRP cardíaca i provoca una resposta inflamatòria local i sistèmica i una major adhesió i activació plaquetària. Finalment, degut a que els efectes beneficiosos de les estatines en la prevenció de la malaltia aterotrombòtica van més enllà dels seus efectes hipolipemiants, es va estudiar l'efecte de la rosuvastatina sobre la formació del trombe amb l'objectiu d'identificar nous potencials mecanismes protectors de la rosuvastatina. Mitjançant un sistema de perfusió in vitro vam demostrar que la rosuvastatina inhibeix l'adhesió plaquetària en condicions de flux arterial i venós. Mitjançant un abordatge proteòmic vam demostrar que la rosuvastatina produeix un augment de GRP78 a la membrana de les plaquetes perfundides, que interacciona amb el factor tissular (TF), reduint la seva activitat procoagulant.[eng] Mechanisms of thrombus formation and platelet adhesion are regulated by flow-mediated interactions where shear rate and shear stress play a key role. The present work aimed to study the role of inflammation in thrombus formation and platelet adhesion. The growing interest of C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant, not only as a marker but also as a maker of cardiovascular disease, lead us to study the effect of the different CRP isoforms on thrombus formation under arterial flow conditions. We found that CRP isoforms differ in their effects on thrombus growth. Indeed, the monomeric isoform (mCRP) shows a prothrombotic phenotype and enhances platelet activation and adhesion under flow, both in a circulating form and immobilized with the activating substrate increasing platelet surface P-selectin expression. In contrast, native CRP (natCRP) has no effect on thrombus growth. Additionally, we observed that CRP isoforms interact with adhered platelets and incorporate on the structure of the growing thrombi. On the other hand, we studied whether coronary occlusion per se, in the absence of atherosclerotic disease and other risk factors, induces an inflammatory response triggering platelet adhesion and activation. We found in a porcine model of myocardial infarction that ischemia, in the absence of atherosclerosis, induces cardiac mCRP expression and produces a local and systemic inflammatory response triggering platelet adhesion and activation. Finnally, since beneficial effects of statins (lipid lowering drugs) go beyond its lipid-lowering effects, we studied the effect of rosuvastatin, a new available statin, on thrombus formation under flow with the aim to identify novel potential beneficial effects of rosuvastatin. Indeed, we found that rosuvastatin inhibits platelet adhesion under venous and arterial flow conditions. By means of a proteomic approach, we showed that rosuvastatin increases GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78) on the platelet surface, which interacts with tissue factor reducing its procoagulant activity

C-Reactive protein as a therapeutic target in age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a retinal degenerative disease, is the leading cause of central vision loss among the elderly population in developed countries and an increasing global burden. The major risk is aging, compounded by other environmental factors and association with genetic variants for risk of progression. Although the etiology of AMD is not yet clearly understood, several pathogenic pathways have been proposed, including dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The identification of AMD susceptibility genes encoding complement factors and the presence of complement and other inflammatory mediators in drusen, the hallmark deposits of AMD, support the concept that local inflammation and immune-mediated processes play a key role in AMD pathogenesis that may be accelerated through systemic immune activation. In this regard, increased levels of circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with higher risk of AMD. Besides being a risk marker for AMD, CRP may also play a role in the progression of the disease as it has been identified in drusen, and we have recently found that its monomeric form (mCRP) induces blood retinal barrier disruption in vitro. In this review, we will address recent evidence that links CRP and AMD pathogenesis, which may open new therapeutic opportunities to prevent the progression of AMD

Complement factor H binding of monomeric C-reactive protein downregulates proinflammatory activity and is impaired with at risk polymorphic CFH variants

Inflammation and immune-mediated processes are pivotal to the pathogenic progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been shown to be associated with an increased risk for AMD, the pathophysiological importance of the prototypical acute-phase reactant in the etiology of the disease is unknown, and data regarding the exact role of CRP in ocular inflammation are limited. In this study, we provide mechanistic insight into how CRP contributes to the development of AMD. In particular, we show that monomeric CRP (mCRP) but not the pentameric form (pCRP) upregulates IL-8 and CCL2 levels in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Further, we show that complement factor H (FH) binds mCRP to dampen its proinflammatory activity. FH from AMD patients carrying the 'risk' His402 polymorphism displays impaired binding to mCRP, and therefore proinflammatory effects of mCRP remain unrestrained