The CAOF Agreement. Key Issues of International Fisheries Law

This Chapter is devoted to issues relating to the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean and its negotiation that are of key importance to international fisheries law. It provides an overview of the Arctic Five and Five-plus-Five processes that culminated in the Agreement, as well as the Agreement’s institutional set-up and setting. These negotiation processes were confronted with a unique scenario in international fisheries law: they were in a position to collectively determine the conditions under which a future high seas fishery would be allowed to commence. The final package deal that led to the successful conclusion of the Five-plus-Five process was not only driven by the fundamentally different central Arctic Ocean fisheries interests of the Arctic Five on the one hand, and those of the Other Five on the other hand, but also by their broader interests in the domains of international fisheries law, the international law of the sea and the international law relating to the Arctic. Other key features of the Five-plusFive process that are examined in detail are its exploratory phase, the stepwise approach and the evolving nature of the Agreement

International Governance and Regulation of the Marine Arctic Three Reports Prepared for the WWF International Arctic Program

WWF commissioned these three reports to examine the current governance regime, identify governance and regulatory gaps and analyze options for improvements. The reports, which are authored by international legal experts Timo Koivurova and Erik J. Molenaar, conclude that one of the best options is to adopt a new multilateral agreement. WWF's goal is to work with arctic states and arctic Indigenous peoples to promote the closure of the 'governance gaps', protection and preservation of the Arctic Ocean and sustainable ecosystem-based management of its resources

Canada, the EU and Arctic Ocean Governance: A Tangled and Shifting Seascape and Future Directions

The objective of this paper is to examine (in a historical perspective) the roles of the European Union (EU) and Canada in governance and regulation of human activities in the Arctic Ocean. Section two describes the existing “tangled” nature of governance in the Arctic with a focus on law of the sea, approaches and challenges in the region, as well as on EU and Canadian participation in the activities of the Arctic Council. The “shifting seascape” in governance is next highlighted in section three with a review of increasing calls for change from scholars and other groups, recent governance initiatives from the United States and Arctic Ocean coastal states, and evolving EU and Canadian perspectives towards ocean governance. The paper concludes with section four, which surveys possible future directions for strengthening ocean governance in the Arctic, with the spectrum of options including, among others, expanding the spatial scopes of the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), established by the NEAFC Convention, and the OSPAR Commission, established by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) Convention, and reform by means of an Implementing Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

Arctic Fisheries

This background paper focuses on fisheries that occur in the Arctic marine area, including fisheries for anadromous species that spawn in rivers that flow directly into the Arctic marine area. The paper follows a sectoral perspective, but in pursuance of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). Due to this sectoral perspective, the focus will be exclusively on international instruments and intergovernmental and other relevant international bodies that relate to, or pursue, conservation as well as management. No attention will therefore be paid to those that focus exclusively on conservation of species and habitat by various means, including by the regulation of international trade

Більшовицькі амністії початку 1920-х рр. як засіб боротьби проти повстанського руху

У статті автор досліджував ефективність амністування як засобу боротьби проти повстанського руху.В статье автор исследовал эффективность амнистирования как средства борьбы с повстанческим движением.The author investigated the efficiency of amnesty as the means of struggle against the insurgent movement

Endovascular treatment of a patient with an aneurysm of the proper hepatic artery and a duodenal fistula

Aneurysms of the proper hepatic artery comprise a rare but potentially dangerous entity for which treatment is performed both surgically and endovascularly. Covered stents are generally used for endovascular treatment of such aneurysms. When the aneurysm is contaminated due to an enteric fistula, however, use of a covered stent is considered inappropriate. This case report describes the endovascular repair of a proper hepatic artery aneurysm using overlapping bare metal stents after the patient was surgically treated for duodenal hemorrhage

Educating and Informing Patients Receiving Psychopharmacological Medications: Are Family Physicians in Pakistan up to the Task?

Introduction: Studies have shown a high prevalence of psychiatric illnesses among Patients in primary health care settings. Family physicians have a fundamental role in managing psychiatric illness with psychopharmacological medications. Providing information about the disease, its management and the potential adverse effects of the medications is an important part of the management of mental illnesses. Our objective was to determine if Patients who were prescribed psychopharmacological drugs by family physicians at a community health center in Karachi, Pakistan were provided adequate education about their disease and its management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Community Health Centre (CHC), Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. Details about the prescriptions and Patient education were acquired from the Patients after their consultations. Results: A total of 354 adult Patients were interviewed during 3 days. Among them, 73 (20.6%) were prescribed psychopharmacological medications. Among Patients receiving psychopharmacological medicines, 37 (50.7%) did not know their diagnosis, 50 (68.5%) were unaware of the disease process, 52 (71.2%) were unaware of alternative treatments, 63 (86.3%) were not cautioned about the potential adverse effects of the drugs, 24 (32.9%) were unaware of the duration of treatment and in 60 (82.2%) of the participants an appropriate referral had not been discussed. For all aspects of education, Patients prescribed psychopharmacological medications knew less as compared to those Patients that were prescribed other medications. Discussion: The practice of imparting information to Patients who receive psychopharmacological medications seems to be inadequate in Pakistan. We have hypothesized about the possible reasons for our findings, and identified a need for further research to determine the cause for such findings and to address them accordingly. At the same time there is a need to educate family physicians in Pakistan about the special importance of providing adequate information to such Patients

A cancer drug atlas enables synergistic targeting of independent drug vulnerabilities.

Personalized cancer treatments using combinations of drugs with a synergistic effect is attractive but proves to be highly challenging. Here we present an approach to uncover the efficacy of drug combinations based on the analysis of mono-drug effects. For this we used dose-response data from pharmacogenomic encyclopedias and represent these as a drug atlas. The drug atlas represents the relations between drug effects and allows to identify independent processes for which the tumor might be particularly vulnerable when attacked by two drugs. Our approach enables the prediction of combination-therapy which can be linked to tumor-driving mutations. By using this strategy, we can uncover potential effective drug combinations on a pan-cancer scale. Predicted synergies are provided and have been validated in glioblastoma, breast cancer, melanoma and leukemia mouse-models, resulting in therapeutic synergy in 75% of the tested models. This indicates that we can accurately predict effective drug combinations with translational value