Volatile constituents of ginger oil prepared according to Iranian traditional medicine and conventional method: a comparative study

Background: Herbal medicines formulated as oils were believed to possess more powerful effects than their original plants in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). One of the popular oils suggested for treatment of various indications was ginger oil. In the present study, to suggest a more convenient method of oil preparation (compared to the traditional method), ginger oil has been prepared according to both the traditional and conventional maceration methods and the volatile oil constituents have been compared.Material and Methods: Ginger oil was obtained in sesame oil according to both the traditional way and the conventional (maceration) methods. The volatile oil of dried ginger and both oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy.Results: Fifty five, fifty nine and fifty one components consisting 94 %, 94 % and 98 % of the total compounds were identified in the volatile oil of ginger, traditional and conventional oils, respectively.Conclusion: The most dominant compounds of the traditional and conventional oils were almost similar; however they were different from ginger essential oil which has also been to possess limited amounts of anti-inflammatory components. It was concluded that ginger oil could be prepared through maceration method and used for indications mentioned in ITM.Keywords: traditional ginger oil, conventional ginger oil, ginger essential oil, GC/MS, Iranian Traditional Medicin

THE ROLE OF NUTRITION IN MANAGEMENT OF JOINT DISORDERS ACCORDING TO IRANIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Introduction: Joint disorders are considered a major burden in our health system. The annual cost of managing various joint problems in the society is remarkable. The exact role of nutrition in management of joint disorders in modern medicine is not clear. On the other hand, Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) has various dietary plans for a range of joint problems that can even have therapeutic effects on the disease. In this article different types of foods and diets for various joint problems were introduced according to major references of ITM. Method: A number of major ITM references were reviewed to explore dietary approach towards rheumatologic problems. The data regarding the food instructions in each disease were collected. A search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and some other Databases up to July 2016 was done to obtain related modern medical data about this field Result: According to the specific disease and the type of humor involved as well as the stage of the disease, Persian medical books present a wide view regarding foods, fruits and drinks which, by adjusting the temperament, can control the disease process. Conclusion: The use of diet in ITM plays an important role in the management of joint disorders. According to the nature of the disease the type of foods and drinks can vary. On many occasions the adjustment of food intake as a part of lifestyle management can have therapeutic effect in joint complaints. In the future, more research regarding specific dietary instructions for a variety of joint disorders is needed. Keywords: Diet, Nutrition, Joint, Osteoarthritis, Iranian Traditional Medicine, Persian Medicin

VOLATILE CONSTITUENTS OF GINGER OIL PREPARED ACCORDING TO IRANIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND CONVENTIONAL METHOD: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Background: Herbal medicines formulated as oils were believed to possess more powerful effects than their original plants in Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM). One of the popular oils suggested for treatment of various indications was ginger oil. In the present study, to suggest a more convenient method of oil preparation (compared to the traditional method), ginger oil has been prepared according to both the traditional and conventional maceration methods and the volatile oil constituents have been compared. Material and Methods: Ginger oil was obtained in sesame oil according to both the traditional way and the conventional (maceration) methods. The volatile oil of dried ginger and both oils were obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Results: Fifty five, fifty nine and fifty one components consisting 94 %, 94 % and 98 % of the total compounds were identified in the volatile oil of ginger, traditional and conventional oils, respectively. Conclusion: The most dominant compounds of the traditional and conventional oils were almost similar; however they were different from ginger essential oil which has also been to possess limited amounts of anti-inflammatory components. It was concluded that ginger oil could be prepared through maceration method and used for indications mentioned in ITM

A New Approach to the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dysmenorrhea Protocols, a Combination of Persian Medicine and Contemporary Medicine

زمینه و هدف: با وجود پیشرفت‌های پزشکی تشخیص و درمان دیسمنوره یکی از معضلات مراقبت‌های بهداشتی محسوب می‌گردد و تاکنون پروتکل تلفیقی دانش طب سنتی ایران و طب رایج برای تشخیص و درمان دیسمنوره ارائه نشده است، لذا در این مطالعه به بررسی این پروتکل‌ها پرداخته می‌شود. مواد و روش‌ها:‌ برای تدوین این دو پروتکل از سه روش مرور نقلی، کیفی و اجماع صاحب‌نظران استفاده شد. در این راستا، جستجو در 19 منبع طب سنتی ایران و همچنین دو کتاب مرجع ژنیکولوژی و 4 پایگاه‌ اطلاعاتی انجام شد. یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها در سه بخش مروری بر تبیین دیسمنوره از دیدگاه طب سنتی ایران و طب رایج، پروتکل تشخیص دیسمنوره و پروتکل درمان گام ‌به‌ گام دیسمنوره اولیه بیان ‌شد. پروتکل تشخیص دیسمنوره از هر دو دیدگاه طب سنتی ایران و طب رایج می‌تواند راه‌گشای تشخیص علت موارد ناشناخته دیسمنوره اولیه باشد. از سوی دیگر درمان‌های دیسمنوره اولیه در طب رایج تنها اثر تسکینی داشته و با عدم پاسخ به درمان همراه هستند، در حالی‌ که مکتب طب سنتی ایران دارای روش‌های متعدد، متنوع و گام به گام در درمان دیسمنوره اولیه می‌باشد که این درمان‌ها علاوه بر اثر تسکینی دارای اثر درمانی نیز هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: توصیه می‌شود در بررسی علل و درمان دیسمنوره اولیه دیدگاه طب سنتی ایران در کنار دیدگاه طب رایج در نظر گرفته شود.Background and Aim: Despite medical advances, diagnosis and treatment of dysmenorrhea is one of the health care problems. The protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of dysmenorrhea has not yet been presented in a combination of Persian Medicine and contemporary medicine. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine these protocols. Materials and Methods: Three methods including narrative review, qualitative method and scientific consensus were used to write these two protocols. In this regard, 19 ITM references, 2 gynecology references and 4 databases were searched. Findings: The findings were presented in three parts including the review on the explanation of dysmenorrhea from the perspective of ITM and contemporary medicine, the diagnosis protocol for dysmenorrhea and the stepwise treatment protocol for primary dysmenorrhea. The diagnosis protocol for dysmenorrhea from both ITM and contemporary medicine perspectives, could identify the unknown causes of primary dysmenorrhea. On the other hand, treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in contemporary medicine has only palliative effects and are associated with lack of response to treatment, while ITM School has explained several, varied, and step-by-step methods for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea, which have therapeutic effects in addition to palliative effects. Conclusion: It is recommended that ITM perspective be considered along with the view of contemporary medicine in the study of the causes and treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.   Please cite this article as: Shirooye P, Nabi Meybodi R, Tansaz M, Behmanesh E, Mokaberinejad R. A New Approach to the Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dysmenorrhea Protocols, a Combination of Persian Medicine and Contemporary Medicine. Med Hist J 2018; 9(33): 63-75

Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction Referred to Health Center Traditional Medicine in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016

زمینه و هدف: رضایتمندی از خدمات سلامت یک معیار مهم برای سنجش کیفیت مراقبت‌های بهداشتی شناخته شده است و تاکنون بررسی از نظر میزان رضایتمندی بیماران مراجعه‌کننده به سلامتکده‌های طب سنتی انجام نشده است، لذا در این مطالعه برای نخستین‌بار به سنجش کیفیت خدمات در سلامتکده طب سنتی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی پرداخته شد. مواد و روش‌ها: مطالعه حاضر یک مطالعه توصیفی ـ مقطعی (Cross–Sectional) است که جهت سنجش رضایت بیماران، از 150 بیمار مراجعه‌کننده به سلامتکده طب سنتی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی در سال 1395 انجام شد. نمونه‌ها از طریق نمونه‌گیری در دسترس، پس از اخذ رضایت‌نامه، با پرسشنامه رضایتمندی محقق‌ساخته بررسی شدند، سپس اطلاعات جمع‌آوری‌شده توسط نرم‌افزار SPSS 20 و شاخص‌های آماری توصیفی و استنباطی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. ملاحظات اخلاقی: این پژوهش حاصل طرح تحقیقاتی مصوب معاونت پژوهش دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی با کد IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.487 می‌باشد و کلیه اطلاعات بیماران به صورت محرمانه حفظ شد. یافته‫ها: میزان رضایتمندی بیماران نسبت به عملکرد کلی سلامتکده خوب (میانگین 4/54) گزارش شد. میانگین امتیاز رضایتمندی در ابعاد مختلف، شامل وضعیت برخورد پزشکان با بیماران 4/73، وضعیت برخورد دستیاران با بیماران 4/69، وضعیت فضا و امکانات بهداشتی 4/66، وضعیت خدمات تشخیصی 4/74، وضعیت خدمات درمانی 4/50، نحوه وقت‌دهی و برخورد پرسنل 4/59، رضایت از داروخانه 4/62 که نشان‌دهنده طیف نسبتاً راضی به سمت کاملاً راضی بوده است. میانگین بیشترین میزان رضایت در بین بخش‌های مختلف تخصصی، از نظر وضعیت برخورد پزشکان با بیماران مربوط به بخش گوارش 4/82 می‌باشد. بیشترین میزان رضایت مراجعه‌کنندگان در بین بخش‌های مختلف تخصصی از نظر وضعیت خدمات تشخیصی (بخش مفاصل، زنان، گوارش و اعصاب و روان) مربوط به بخش اعصاب و روان بود (P=0/039). نتیجه‌گیری: رضایت بیماران از ارائه خدمات سلامتکده مورد مطالعه در سطح مطلوبی قرار داشت، اما در جهت ارائه خدمات با کیفیت بالاتر به بیماران انجام برنامه‌ریزی دقیق‌تر ضروری به نظر می‌رسد.Background and Aim: Satisfaction from health services is an important criterion for measuring the quality of health care and so far, there has been no study on the satisfaction of patients referring to traditional medicine health centers. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the quality of services in the traditional medicine health center of Shahid Beheshti University was assessed. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study, in order to measure patients satisfaction, out of 150 patients referred to Shahid Beheshti University Traditional Medicine Health Center, it was performed in 2016. Samples were examined through available sampling, after obtaining consent, with the researcher-made satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and descriptive and inferential statistical indices. Ethical Considerations: This research is the result of a research project approved by the Research Vice Chancellor of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with the code IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.487 and all patient information was kept confidential. Findings: Patients' satisfaction with good general health center performance was reported (Mean 4/54). Mean of satisfaction in different dimensions, including The situation of doctors with patients was 4/73, the situation of patients with patients 4/69, the condition of space and health facilities 4/66, the status of diagnostic services, 4/74, the state of health care 4/40, the manner of staffing and staffing 4/59, satisfaction from the pharmacy 4/62 that this range represents a fairly pleasingly satisfactory range. The average of the highest satisfaction among different specialized departments, in terms of the situation of doctors, with patient’s gastrointestinal tract are 4/82. The highest satisfaction rate was observed in the diagnostic services status in the various specialized departments, which is related to the neurology and psychiatry is significant (P=0/039). Conclusion: Patients' satisfaction from the health services provided by the study center was at a desirable level .In order to provide higher quality services, patients need to be more accurately planned.   Please cite this article as: Tansaz M, Adhami S, Choopani R, Mokaberinejad R, Movahhed M, Ghasemi E, Ilkhani R. Evaluation of Patient Satisfaction Referred to Health Center Traditional Medicine in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2016. Med Hist J 2020; 12(43): 61-72

عوارض رحمی آمنوره و اولیگومنوره (احتباس طمث) در طب سنّتی ایران

Amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are the most prevalent menstruation disorder in the world and also in Iran. In Iranian traditional medicine amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea and also hypomenorrhea have been known just as ”Ehteebas tams”. From the perspective of Iranian traditional medicine, Amenorrhea enables to induce numerous complications on brain, respiratory system, uterus and other organs. Uterus complication of amenorrhea consists of infertility, uterus strangulation (Ekhtenagh rahem), uterus inflammation (varam rahem) and Anatomical changes of the uterus (Mayalan rahem). In this paper, uterine diseases due to amenorrhea and their mechanism is studied. Investigation of these disease complications and its effects on body and uterus in Iranian traditional medicine emphasize on treatment importance and causing of regular and normal menstruation.از شایع‌ترین اختلالات قاعدگی در دنیا و هم‎چنین ایران، آمنوره و اولیگومنوره است. در مکتب طب سنّتی ایران قطع قاعدگی، تأخیر قاعدگی و هم‎چنین کاهش میزان خونریزی قاعدگی، «احتباس طمث» نامیده می‌شود. بر طبق آموزه‌های این مکتب‏ احتباس طمث می‌تواند عوارض فراوانی بر ارگان‌هایی مانند مغز، سیستم تنفسی، رحم و سایر اندام‏ها بر جا بگذارد. مهمترین عوارض رحمی احتباس طمث شامل ناباروری، اختناق رحم، ورم رحم، میلان رحم هستند. در این مقاله بیماری‌های رحمی ایجاد شده به دنبال احتباس طمث و مکانیسم ایجاد این عوارض مطالعه می‌شود. بررسی عوارض گسترده احتباس طمث و آثار سوء آن‌ها بر بدن و رحم، اهمیت درمان این اختلال را بیش از پیش نشان می‏دهد و لزوم برقراری خون قاعدگی به‌طور طبیعی را یادآور می‌شود

Effect of Squill Oxymel on Knee Osteoarthritis: A Triple-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a major health problem in the society. Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) or Persian Medicine (PM) as a branch of complementary medicine has been practiced in Iran for many centuries. An herbal medication known as squill oxymel has been used by PM physicians for OA. Our aim is to investigate the effect of squill oxymel on OA of the knee joint. Eighty eight patients were assigned to receive a placebo or squill oxymel syrup (10 ml each morning on empty stomach) for 8 consecutive weeks. Acetaminophen tablets were considered as the rescue medicine. Ultimately, 43 patients in the placebo group and 40 patients in the treatment group completed the trial and were included in the statistical analysis. Patients were followed for 4 weeks after cessation of treatment. The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were considered as the main outcome measures. Laboratory tests including AST, ALT, BUN, Cr plus inflammatory tests including WBC, ESR, and CRP with specific tests i.e. IL6 and SOD at the beginning and the end of intervention were measured. The results showed the positive effect of treatment on the outcome of knee pain (p=0.04) and daily activity (p=0.01) of KOOS after Cessation of treatment. On the other hand, VAS decreased in both treatment and placebo groups while it showed significance intra-group and showed no significance between the two groups. After 4 weeks of cessation of treatment, the positive effect of the squill oxymel on the treatment group continued in some of the subscales of KOOS, including symptoms, knee pain and daily activities, but stopped in the placebo group. In general, both clinically and statistically significant improvement was observed after cessation of treatment. Squill oxymel syrup showed promising results in management of knee OA but future researches with larger sample size and longer duration are necessary

یبوست در بارداری از دیدگاه طب سنتی ایران

Introduction: The human body undergoes many changes during pregnancy, such as constipation that is the second common digestive complaint among pregnant women. Since constipation create many complications in the mother and fetus, also a lot of medication during pregnancy is contraindicated, therefore the adjustment of diet and lifestyle to deal with this problem is essential. Iranian Traditional Medicine has a comprehensive approach to pregnancy. So we can set up a program for pregnant women to prevent constipation and its treatment by traditional medicine resources. Using these experiences with achievements of modern medicine is useful. Method: In this review study, important traditional reference books and new articles were searched and the findings of modern medicine scientists and physicians were compared briefly with traditional medicine findings. Results: First, the concept of constipation and its cause or aggravating factors was assessed and then specifically constipation during pregnancy and its treatment was examined. Discussion & Conclusion: According to the Iranian traditional physicians’ attention in prenatal care and attention to sanitation as a principle of health, nowadays we can use traditional medicine specialists’ finding in reproductive health and research and establish researches base on their speeches and experiences.مقدمه: بدن انسان در دوران بارداری دستخوش تغییرات بسیاری می‌گردد، از جمله یبوست که دومین شکایت گوارشی شایع در بین زنان باردار است. از آنجایی که بروز یبوست عوارض متعددی را در مادر و جنین به همراه دارد، همچنین مصرف بسیاری از داروها در دوران بارداری ممنوعیت دارد، لذا تنظیم برنامه غذایی روزانه و نحوه زندگی برای مقابله با این مشکل، ضروری است. طب سنتی ایرانی دارای رویکرد جامعی به دوران بارداری است. بنابراین جهت تنظیم یک برنامه مدون برای مادر باردار و مادری که قصد بارداری دارد، به منظور جلوگیری از ایجاد یبوست و درمان آن می‌توان از منابع طب سنتی استفاده نمود و استفاده از این تجربیات را در کنار دستاوردهای طب نوین غنیمت دانست. روش: در این مطالعه مروری و کتابخانه‌ای، کتب مرجع و مهم طب سنتی و مقالات جدید مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و یافته‌های دانشمندان طب نوین با یافته‌های حکمای طب سنتی به طور اجمالی مقایسه شدند. یافته‌ها: ابتدا به مفهوم یبوست و علل ایجاد یا تشدید آن پرداخته، سپس یبوست در بارداری و درمان آن را به‌طور خاص مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به دقت نظر اندیشمندان طب سنتی ایران در مراقبت‌های دوران بارداری و توجه به دفع فضولات به عنوان یك اصل حفظ سلامتی، شاید امروزه بتوان در مباحث بهداشت بارداری و تحقیقات مربوط به این دوران از یافته‌های حکما استفاده کرد و زیربنای تحقیقات را بر گفته‌ها و تجربیات آنان پایه‌گذاری کرد

Major and minor criteria for gastric dystemperaments in Persian Medicine: Sari gastric dystemperament criteria-I (SGDC-I)

<div class="msocomtxt" id="com1" language="JavaScript" onmouseout="msoCommentHide('com1')" onmouseover="msoCommentShow('anchor1','com1')">Background: Gastric disorders are one of the most common human ailments, which impose a huge economic burden on countries. In Persian Medicine (PM), it is possible to predict the susceptibility to gastric diseases with diagnosis of gastric Mizajes (temperaments) and dystemperaments. The semiology of gastric dystemperaments has been investigated in PM textbooks, although the value of each sign and symptom is not mentioned. Consequently, this research is designed to determine the major and minor criteria for classifying gastric dystemperaments on the basis of valid manuscripts and with the help of PM specialists in the present era. Methods: This was a consensus-based study consisting of four phases. In the first phase, reference PM textbooks were studied. Symptoms and signs of gastric dystemperaments were collected and listed in four groups. In the second phase, semi-structured interviews with a sample of PM experts were carried out. Phase three included a focused group discussion with experts. Eventually, findings were integrated from the three study phases in a two-day meeting in Sari City. Results: Selected criteria included eight major and eight minor criteria for hot-cold dystemperament, as well as six major and eight minor criteria for wet-dry gastric dystemperament. Conclusion: Modern lifestyles and the interfering factors are responsible for some changes in diagnostic signs and symptoms according to PM. This was the first step to coordinate PM diagnostic criteria for gastric dystemperaments. Further studies are recommended to reach a unique protocol in the field of PM diagnostics. The next step includes design and validation of national diagnostic tools. &#160