289 research outputs found

    Vanhempien kokemuksia vanhemmuuden tukemisesta Nuorten YstĂ€vien perhekuntoutuksessa : ”Parhaiten mulle on jÀÀny se mieleen, ettĂ€ lapset ei oo meitĂ€ varten, vaan me ollaan lapsia varten. Vanhemmuus on palvelutehtĂ€vĂ€.”

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    Julkisuudessa on viime aikoina keskusteltu paljon vanhemmuudesta, vanhemmuuden haasteista ja vanhemmuuden tukemisesta. On pohdittu toisaalta sitĂ€, miten vanhemmuutta voitaisiin tukea riittĂ€vĂ€n varhaisessa vaiheessa, ja toisaalta sitĂ€, mikĂ€ on riittĂ€vĂ€ syy vanhemmuuteen puuttumiseen. Vanhemmuus on muuttuva, useita ulottuvuuksia sisĂ€ltĂ€vĂ€ elĂ€mĂ€n mittainen tehtĂ€vĂ€. Se voi olla vĂ€lillĂ€ vaikeaa ja eksyksissĂ€. Tilanteissa, joissa lapsen turvallisen kehityksen ja hyvinvoinnin on arvioitu olevan uhattuna jostakin vanhemmuuteen ja lapsen arjen sujumiseen liittyvĂ€stĂ€ syystĂ€, syntyy tarve vanhemmuuteen puuttumiseen ja sen tukemiseen. Perhekuntoutus on voimakas interventio perheen elĂ€mÀÀn ja vanhemmuuteen, mutta sen kaltainen puuttuminen ja tuki saattavat motivoida muutokseen. Kuntoutuksen aikana on mahdollista rakentaa ja tervehdyttÀÀ lapsen ja vanhemman suhdetta, mikĂ€ voi toimia molemmille osapuolille voimavarana elĂ€mĂ€nmuutoksessa. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on olla osa Nuorten YstĂ€vien perhekuntoutuksen laadun kehittĂ€mistĂ€. Tutkimus kuvailee vanhempien kokemuksia vanhemmuuden tukemisesta Nuorten YstĂ€vien perhekuntoutuksessa. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan laadullinen. Teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostavat vanhemmuuden tukeminen perhekuntoutuksessa sekĂ€ haastava vanhemmuus. Tutkimusta varten on haastateltu viittĂ€ perhekuntoutuksessa ollutta vanhempaa. AineistonkeruumenetelmĂ€nĂ€ on kĂ€ytetty yksilöhaastattelun muodossa toteutettua teemahaastattelua ja aineisto on analysoitu hyödyntĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ teoriaohjaavaa sisĂ€llönanalyysiĂ€. Tutkimustulosten mukaan vanhemmat ovat saaneet kokonaisvaltaista tukea vanhemmuuteensa Nuorten YstĂ€vien perhekuntoutuksessa. Tuloksissa vanhemmuuden tukijoina korostuvat kuntoutuspaikan tarjoamat puitteet, perheen mukanaolo, työntekijöiden ammatillisuus, vertaistuki sekĂ€ tuen turvaaminen tulevaisuudessa.Parenthood is said to be more challenging today than earlier. Supporting of parenthood and child protection are very common headlines nowadays. Our co-operator Friends of the Young provides a holistic approach when the parenthood must be intervened by authorities for a reason or another. Our study deals with this topical issue from the parents’ point of view. The objective of the study was to describe parents’ experiences of the support they gained for their parenthood in family rehabilitation unit of Friends of the Young. The purpose was to help the personnel of the family rehabilitation unit to develop the quality of the family rehabilitation further in order to meet the needs of the parents even better. The framework of the study consists of definitions of family rehabilitation, supporting of parenthood and challenges of parenthood. The thesis is a qualitative study. The data was collected using five individual theme-based interviews. Theory based content analysis was used as the method of the data analysis. Findings revealed that the family rehabilitation unit of Friends of the Young was effective in supporting parenthood. The main contributing factors raised by the interviewees were the circumstances in the rehabilitation unit itself, togetherness of the family, professionally working employees, peer support and safeguarding the information of support in the future

    Naisena huipulla : Tutkielma pankki- ja vakuutusalan organisaatiossa johtotehtÀvissÀ työskentelevien nais- ja miesjohtajien sosioekonomisista eroista

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    Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmĂ€. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnĂ€ytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet pĂ„ nĂ€tet eller endast tillgĂ€ngliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Naisjohtajuuskeskustelu on virittynyt viime vuosikymmenen aikana useista eri syistĂ€. Naisjohtajien osuudet ovat kasvaneet sekĂ€ julkisella ettĂ€ yksityisellĂ€ sektorilla; tilastollisessa tarkastelussa on kuitenkin havaittavissa eroja: naiset ovat edelleen vĂ€hemmistönĂ€ useilla toimialoilla. Useissa tutkimuksissa on myös vĂ€itetty, ettĂ€ nais- ja miesjohtajien vĂ€liltĂ€ voidaan löytÀÀ eroja. TĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella erilaisissa johtotehtĂ€vissĂ€ työskentelevien nais- ja miesjohtajien sosioekonomisia eroja ja sitĂ€, miten nĂ€mĂ€ mahdolliset erot liittyvĂ€t nais- ja miesjohtajien urakehitykseen. Sosioekonomisia muuttujia ovat perinteisesti olleet koulutus, tulotaso ja vanhempien sosioekonominen asema. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa sosioekonomiset tekijĂ€t on kĂ€sitetty laajemmin. Sosioekonomisilla tekijöillĂ€ tarkoitetaan tĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa niitĂ€ sosiaalis-taloudellisia tekijöitĂ€, jotka liittyvĂ€t yksilön elĂ€mĂ€nkokonaisuuteen. Sosioekonomiset tekijĂ€t on jaettu yksilöön ja perheeseen liittyviin tekijöihin. Yksilöön liittyviĂ€ tekijöitĂ€ ovat ikĂ€, koulutus, tulotaso, työssĂ€oloaika, työssĂ€oloaika ensimmĂ€isen johtajanimityksen ajankohtana sekĂ€ muuttovalmius. Perheeseen liittyviĂ€ tekijöitĂ€ ovat siviilisÀÀty, lasten lukumÀÀrĂ€, työstĂ€ poissaolo lapsen syntymĂ€n takia sekĂ€ puolison sosioekonominen asema. Nais- ja miesjohtajien sosioekonomisia tekijöitĂ€ ja urapolkuja on tarkasteltu yhdessĂ€ pankki- ja vakuutusalan organisaatiossa. Tutkimuksen aineisto kerĂ€ttiin kyselylomakkein. Aineiston pienen koon (N=80) vuoksi aineiston analysointiin on kĂ€ytetty ristiintaulukointia ja keskeisimpiĂ€ tilastollisia tunnuslukuja. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella naisjohtajuutta tasa-arvonĂ€kökulmasta. KeskeisimmĂ€t erot nais- ja miesjohtajien sosioekonomisissa tekijöissĂ€ liittyvĂ€t koulutustasoon ja johtajauralla etenemiseen. Naiset olivat tĂ€ssĂ€ aineistossa miehiĂ€ heikommin koulutettuja. Naisten matalampi koulutustaso nĂ€kyy heidĂ€n sijoittumisessaan johtajatehtĂ€viin; naiset työskentelevĂ€t miehiĂ€ useammin alemmissa johtotehtĂ€vissĂ€. Miehet siirtyvĂ€t myös naisia nopeammin johtotehtĂ€viin organisaatiossa. TĂ€mĂ€ viittaa siihen, ettĂ€ miehillĂ€ työ- ja urakierto on nopeampaa kuin naisilla. Miehet tulevat myös naisia useammin suoraan johtotehtĂ€viin organisaation ulkopuolelta. Naisilla uralla eteneminen tapahtuu yleensĂ€ pitkĂ€llĂ€ aikavĂ€lillĂ€ - askel askeleelta. TĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa nais- ja miesjohtajien sosioekonomisten tekijöiden erot liittyvĂ€t keskeisesti yksilöllisiin urapolkuihin liittyviin tekijöihin. Perheeseen liittyvĂ€t tekijĂ€t eivĂ€t osoittautuneet urakehityksen kannalta yhtĂ€ merkityksellisiksi kuin aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa. Nais- ja miesjohtajien avoimissa vastauksissa urakehityksen kannalta merkityksellisinĂ€ tekijöinĂ€ korostuivat persoonalliset ominaisuudet ja erilaiset verkostot, siksi myös nĂ€itĂ€ tekijöitĂ€ on tarkasteltu luvuissa neljĂ€ ja viisi. Tutkimuksen keskeisimpinĂ€ lĂ€hdeteoksina on kĂ€ytetty Tilastokeskuksen tutkimuksia Naiset huipulla. Selvitys naisista elinkeinoelĂ€mĂ€n johtotehtĂ€vissĂ€ (1994), Huipulla tuulee. Selvitys naisista ja miehistĂ€ elinkeinoelĂ€mĂ€n johtotehtĂ€vissĂ€ (1996), Onko huipulla tyyntynyt (1999) sekĂ€ Sinikka Vanhalan tutkimusta Liikkeenjohtajien uraan vaikuttavat tekijĂ€t (1986)

    Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase enhances c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity: Implication in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression

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    BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator, which acts as a cytotoxic agent and modulates immune responses and inflammation. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway is activated by chemical and physical stress and regulates immune responses. Previous studies have shown that p38 MAPK pathway regulates NO production induced by inflammatory stimuli. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of inducible NO synthesis by p38 MAPK pathway. RESULTS: p38 MAPK inhibitors SB203580 and SB220025 stimulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production in J774.2 murine macrophages. Increased iNOS mRNA expression was associated with reduced degradation of iNOS mRNA. Treatment with SB220025 increased also LPS-induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Interestingly, JNK inhibitor SP600125 reversed the effect of SB220025 on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and NO production. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that inhibition of p38 MAPK by SB220025 results in increased JNK activity, which leads to stabilisation of iNOS mRNA, to enhanced iNOS expression and to increased NO production

    Beneficial effects of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) supplementation on metabolic and inflammatory adverse effects induced by high-fat diet in a mouse model of obesity.

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    Obesity is a constantly increasing health problem worldwide. It is associated with a systemic low-grade inflammation, which contributes to the development of metabolic disorders and comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes. Diet has an important role in the prevention of obesity and its adverse health effects; as a part of healthy diet, polyphenol-rich berries, such as lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) have been proposed to have health-promoting effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lingonberry supplementation on high-fat diet induced metabolic and inflammatory changes in a mouse model of obesity. Thirty male C57BL/6N mice were divided into three groups (n = 10/group) to receive low-fat (LF), high-fat (HF) and lingonberry-supplemented high-fat (HF+LGB) diet for six weeks. Low-fat and high-fat diet contained 10% and 46% of energy from fat, respectively. Lingonberry supplementation prevented the high-fat diet induced adverse changes in blood cholesterol and glucose levels and had a moderate effect on the weight and visceral fat gain, which were 26% and 25% lower, respectively, in the lingonberry group than in the high-fat diet control group. Interestingly, lingonberry supplementation also restrained the high-fat diet induced increases in the circulating levels of the proinflammatory adipocytokine leptin (by 36%) and the inflammatory acute phase reactant serum amyloid A (SAA; by 85%). Similar beneficial effects were discovered in the hepatic expression of the inflammatory factors CXCL-14, S100A10 and SAA by lingonberry supplementation. In conclusion, the present results indicate that lingonberry supplementation significantly prevents high-fat diet induced metabolic and inflammatory changes in a murine model of obesity. The results encourage evaluation of lingonberries as a part of healthy diet against obesity and its comorbidities

    Add-on therapy options in asthma not adequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids: a comprehensive review

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    Many patients with persistent asthma can be controlled with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). However, a considerable proportion of patients remain symptomatic, despite the use of ICS. We present systematically evidence that supports the different treatment options. A literature search was made of Medline/PubMed to identify randomised and blinded trials. To demonstrate the benefit that can be obtained by increasing the dose of ICS, dose-response studies with at least three different ICS doses were identified. To demonstrate whether more benefit can be obtained by adding long-acting ÎČ(2)-agonist (LABA), leukotriene antagonist (LTRA) or theophylline than by increasing the dose of ICS, studies comparing these options were identified. Thirdly, studies comparing the different "add-on" options were identified. The addition of a LABA is more effective than increasing the dose of ICS in improving asthma control. By increasing the dose of ICS, clinical improvement is likely to be of small magnitude. Addition of a LTRA or theophylline to the treatment regimen appears to be equivalent to doubling the dose of ICS. Addition of a LABA seems to be superior to an LTRA in improving lung function. However, addition of LABA and LTRA may be equal with respect to asthma exacerbations. However, more and longer studies are needed to better clarify the role of LTRAs and theophylline as add-on therapies

    Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids: Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Daidzein Inhibit STAT-1 and NF-ÎșB Activations, Whereas Flavone, Isorhamnetin, Naringenin, and Pelargonidin Inhibit only NF-ÎșB Activation along with Their Inhibitory Effect on iNOS Expression and NO Production in Activated Macrophages

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    In inflammation, bacterial products and proinflammatory cytokines induce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and compounds that inhibit NO production have anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we systematically investigated the effects of 36 naturally occurring flavonoids and related compounds on NO production in macrophages exposed to an inflammatory stimulus (lipopolysaccharide, LPS), and evaluated the mechanisms of action of the effective compounds. Flavone, the isoflavones daidzein and genistein, the flavonols isorhamnetin, kaempferol and quercetin, the flavanone naringenin, and the anthocyanin pelargonidin inhibited iNOS protein and mRNA expression and also NO production in a dose-dependent manner. All eight active compounds inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-ÎșB (NF-ÎșB), which is a significant transcription factor for iNOS. Genistein, kaempferol, quercetin, and daidzein also inhibited the activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT-1), another important transcription factor for iNOS. The present study characterises the effects and mechanisms of naturally occurring phenolic compounds on iNOS expression and NO production in activated macrophages. The results partially explain the pharmacological efficacy of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory compounds

    Down-Regulation of Tristetraprolin Expression Results in Enhanced IL-12 and MIP-2 Production and Reduced MIP-3α Synthesis in Activated Macrophages

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    In inflammation, the post-transcriptional regulation of transiently expressed genes provides a potential therapeutic target. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is of the factors regulating decay of cytokine mRNAs. The aim of the present study was to identify cytokines whose expression is regulated by TTP. We established a TTP knock-down cell line by expressing shRNA against TTP (shTTP cell line). A cytokine antibody array was used to measure cytokine production in macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and MIP-2 (a homologue to human IL-8) were expressed at higher levels whereas MIP-3α was produced at lower levels in LPS-treated shTTP cells than in control cells suggesting that the expression of these cytokines is regulated by TTP. The present data provide IL-12, MIP-2, and MIP-3α as novel inflammatory cytokine targets for TTP-mediated mRNA decay and stress the role of TTP in the regulation of the inflammatory process

    Mitochondria in the centre of human eosinophil apoptosis and survival

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    Eosinophils are abundantly present in most phenotypes of asthma and they contribute to the maintenance and exacerbations of the disease. Regulators of eosinophil longevity play critical roles in determining whether eosinophils accumulate into the airways of asthmatics. Several cytokines enhance eosinophil survival promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation while for example glucocorticoids, the most important anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat asthma, promote the intrinsic pathway of eosinophil apoptosis and by this mechanism contribute to the resolution of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Mitochondria seem to play central roles in both intrinsic mitochondrion-centered and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways of apoptosis in eosinophils. Mitochondria may also be important for survival signalling. In addition to glucocorticoids, another important agent that regulates human eosinophil longevity via mitochondrial route is nitric oxide, which is present in increased amounts in the airways of asthmatics. Nitric oxide seems to be able to trigger both survival and apoptosis in eosinophils. This review discusses the current evidence of the mechanisms of induced eosinophil apoptosis and survival focusing on the role of mitochondria and clinically relevant stimulants, such as glucocorticoids and nitric oxide.© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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