A Comparative Study of Imāmate of Kitmān of Ibāḍiyya and the Era of Occultation of Imāmiyyah

The issue of Imāmate has been one of the first controversial issues in the history of Islam. In the meantime, the Ibāḍiyya regard the appointment of Imam as one of the obligatory affairs on the Islamic Ummah and there are numerous rational and traditional reasons for the necessity of appointing the Imam. In their view, the Imāmate has four stages: the emergence, the defense, the stage of Ash-Shurāh and Kitmān, which are referred to as the methods of religion. In Shiite culture, the term Imāmate is also a divine and godly position that encompasses all human virtues and perfections, including public Imāmate and special Imāmate. From the viewpoint of Ibāḍiyya, the last stage of Imāmate is the Imāmate of Kitmān. During this period, the Ibāḍiyya, because of the domination of their enemies and the inability to confront them, did not carry out armed operations, but fully accepted the rule of enemies, building and cultivating their lands in the field of education and development andstrengthening mosque bases and promoting Ibāḍiyya ideas among Muslims secretly. Among the Shiites, it is well known that preserving the life of Imam Zaman from the enemies and the unwillingness of society to accept Imam are among the reasons for his Occultation. Butduringtheperiodof Occultation, ShiitescholarsandthinkershavenotceasedtoworkinvariousindividualandsocialdimensionsandhaveledtheShiitecommunitytotheright.Inthisarticle,inadditiontoprocessingtheviewsoftheIbāḍiyya,thisarticlecomparesthestageofKitmānintheIbāḍiyyatotheabsenteeismintheImāmiyyahreligionandexplainsitsdifferences

Electromagnetic scattering by lossy plasmonic and non-plasmonic half-spaces from vertically polarized incident waves

In this research, approximate analytical solutions for the scattered electromagnetic (EM) fields radiated by a vertical electric dipole (VED) antenna in the presence of a lossy half-space for ordinary and plasmonic media are investigated. First, an approximate analytical solution for the wave scattering above a lossy half-space with a smooth interface is proposed for frequencies below the very high frequency (VHF) band. The solution to the problem is given in terms of two-dimensional Fourier transforms, which leads to Sommerfeld-type integrals. The solution is decomposed into three terms. Two terms are expressed with hyperbolic functions and the third term is presented using the Gauss error function. A numerical evaluation of the integrals validates the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed solution at various frequencies and distances from the source. Second, an approximate analytical solution of the problem with a smooth interface is proposed for frequencies below 10 GHz. The solution for the intermediate Hertz potential is decomposed into two integrals and a rigorous approximate closed-form solution in the near and far field regions is presented for each term. Then, the scattered electric field (E-field) components are calculated from the intermediate Hertz potential. A numerical evaluation of the solution for different lossy half-spaces, i.e., seawater, wet earth, dry earth and lake water, validates the accuracy of the proposed solution at various frequencies and distances from the antenna. Following this work, a new asymptotic solution for the scattered EM fields above a lossy half-space with a smooth interface for ordinary and plasmonic media is proposed using the modified saddle point method. The new formulations are applied to calculate radiation patterns of different impedance half- planes for both ordinary media (e.g., seawater, silty clay soil, silty loam soil and lake water) and plasmonic media (e.g., silver and gold). A numerical evaluation of the proposed solution at various frequencies and comparisons with two alternative state- of-the-art solutions show that the proposed solution has higher accuracy for plasmonic and non-plasmonic structures. Lastly, random roughness is added to the interface, and a solution for EM scattering over a two-dimensional random rough surface with large roughness height using the generalized functions approach is proposed. The EM field derivation incorporates an arbitrary rough surface profile with small slope, a radiation source and involves all scattering orders of the scattered E-field for high and moderate contrast media. Subsequently, the first-order scattered E-field is calculated using the Neumann series solution for transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. By considering a pulsed dipole antenna and a two-dimensional Gaussian rough surface distribution with different root mean square heights and correlation lengths, the scattered E-field along with the radar cross-section is calculated. Using the result of the method of moments (MoM) as reference, a numerical evaluation of the solution for different roughness heights and contrast media demonstrates that the proposed solution is better than those of the small perturbation method (SPM), Kirchhoff approximation (KA) and small-slope approximation (SSA)

Theodicy as Axiology and More

The literature on the problem of evil does not draw enough upon the relevant debates in (meta)ethics, and ethical theorists (broadly understood) can engage with the problem of evil as a way of inquiry in their field. I review how the problem of evil is essentially formed based on (evaluative and deontic) ethical judgments, and how responses to it, either theistic or atheistic, are mainly based on the relevant ethical judgments. Meanwhile, though contemporary debates in metaphysics and epistemology have influenced the literature on the problem of evil, the same does not hold true for ethics. This suggests that there are ways to engage with the problem of evil as doing axiology or ethical theory more generally, which may be fruitful regardless of their being theodicy. I end by briefly discussing an example focused on the idea of moral progress

A new immunomodulatory drug delivery system based on αlβ2 and αmβ2 aptamers/Alg-PEI

Introduction: Currently, the major concern with biomaterial implantation or tissue grafting is adverse responses of immune system. To remove these barriers, some immunosuppressive drugs are used. But they are associated with adverse effects of systemical delivery. Adhesion of immune cells to foreign body by cell adhesion molecules such as integrins,triggers their activation that leads to immune response. It is demonstrated that this is directed by the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to drive adaptive immune cells in situ toward adverse reactions and play as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune cells. Thus our focus is on β2 integrin receptors on DC. This study aims to modulate the immune response by inhibiting  β2integrins marker on DC. Methods and Results:to control of DC maturation,αlβ2 and αmβ2 surface markers on DCs should be blocked, hence, the novel aptamer-blocking technique was utilized. For this purpose, immature DCs (iDC) were derived from human peripheral blood monocytes. The antagonist biomolecules (aptamer) that simulated based on inverse of DC markers (αlβ2 and αmβ2) from selex,were embedded into injectable alginate-branched polyethyleneimine by physical entrapment. Then, derived iDCs were treated with synthesized hydrogels in RPMI-1640 media. Interaction of released antagonist aptamers from hydrogels andiDC was analyzed. DC adhesion and subsequently its maturation and potential for adaptive immune cell activation were measured by flowcytometry.When iDCs were treated with hydrogels the levels of DC markers (CD80 and CD86) expression as DC maturation criteria were measured. Expression level ratio for CD80 and CD86 to control sample show significant reduction, about 40 and 50, respectively. Released cytokinesfrom administrated DC by trappedaptamerswithAlg-PEI hydrogel indicate that DC behavior against a chemical foreign body was modulated considering the amount of released cytokines were decreased by10%. Conclusions:The results of this study demonstrated that this presented drug delivery system based on αlβ2 and αmβ2 aptamers can be used as an immune response modulator in health-related application. αlβ2 and αmβ2 aptamers as a new age of state of the art drug technology could be a good substitute for monoclonal antibody drugs to reduce their side effects and draw backs

The changing profile of cutaneous leishmaniasis agent in a central province of Iran

Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran is usually caused by Leishmania major or L. tropica. However, the direct examination or the cultures of biopsies for diagnosis are not very sensitive. The objective of this study was to identify the responsible species obtained from patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis referred to the reference laboratory at Yazd in Iran during 2010-2011 using parasitological and molecular assays. After completing a clinical/epidemiologic data questionnaire for 145 patients with suspected skin lesions, scraping samples were collected. Each specimen was examined using both direct microscopy and molecular assay using polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Location of the lesions included 47.7% on hands, 30.7% on face, 15.4% on feet, and the remainder on other regions. Out of 145 samples, Leishman body was observed in 52 by direct smear and 73 by PCR assay. Molecular assay indicated 36 cases as L. major, 36 cases as L. tropica and one case as unknown.  In conclusion, molecular characterization showed changing profile of Leishmania species in the study area which may have implications on treatment and/or control strategies

Modeling of retailer's behavior for participation in the capacity market

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Evaluation of 4-Amino salicylic acid chelating effect on healing of manganese induced intoxications in male Wistar rat's liver

زمینه و هدف: قرار گرفتن انسان در معرض غبارات منگنز می تواند باعث بروز بیماری شبیه به پارکینسون به نام منگانیسم شود. برای کاهش عوارض حاصل، داروهای شلات کننده‌ی فلزات پیشنهاد شده‌اند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی، قدرت شلات کنندگی داروی پاراآمینوسالیسیلیک اسید انجام شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی بیست رات نر بالغ نژاد ویستار در چهار گروه پنج تایی طبقه بندی شدند (یک گروه کنترل و سه گروه آزمون) و طی دو دوره به ترتیب سالین-سالین، منگنز-سالین، سالین-پاراآمینوسالیسیلیک اسید و منگنز- پاراآمینوسالیسیلیک اسید دریافت نمودند. تزریق داخل صفاقی کلرید منگنز به میزان mg/kg8 وزن بدن حیوان به مدت یک هفته برای ایجاد مسمومیت و تزریق زیر جلدی یک سی سی پاراآمینوسالیسیلیک اسید با غلظت g/l5/1 پنج روز در هفته به مدت چهار هفته جهت درمان صورت گرفت. سپس سرم حیوانات برای بررسی فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی و بافت کبد آنها برای بررسی تغییرات هیستوپاتولوژیک جداسازی و فیکس شدند. داده ها توسط آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه و سپس تست توکی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: بررسی فاکتورهای بیوشیمیایی بیانگر افزایش معنی دار کلسترول در گروه دوم نسبت به کنترل و کاهش سطح کلسترول خون گروه چهارم نسبت به گروه دوم بود (01/0

Amplify-and-Forward Relaying With Maximal Ratio Combining Over Fluctuating Two-Ray Channel:Non-Asymptotic and Asymptotic Performance Analysis

Fluctuating two-ray (FTR) channel model was shown to effectively characterize millimeter wave (mmWave) communication channels. In this article, we adopt FTR to investigate amplify-and-Forward (AF) mmWave relaying system. Two communications scenarios are considered corresponding to the presence and absence of a direct link between the transmitter and receiver. Outage probability and symbol error rate (SER) are then analytically obtained as performance metrics. The results are further compared with the corresponding metrics obtained based on conventional channel models including Nakagami- m and two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP). Especially, for the high-SNR regime, our analyses indicate that performance evaluations based on the conventional models significantly deviate from that of based on the FTR model. Our results provide quantitative insights on the importance of model selection in design and performance evaluations of relay-based mmWave systems. Moreover, for the high-SNR regime, we carry out asymptotic analysis and obtain a low-complexity expression for the achieved AF relaying gain. Such an expression provides a quantitative measure on whether or not AF relaying outperforms no-relaying in a given setting. Extensive numerical and simulation results are provided to confirm the accuracy of the analysis and investigate system performance in different settings

Investigation of environment waste resultant from incorrect excretion of stock car rubbers and determination quantity, a current situation and fate of them (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)

A healthy environment is an absolute necessity for the well-being of all governments' policy. The population on the earth is expanding rapidly which goes hand in hand in the degradation of the environment at large measures. The human’s appetites for needs are disarranging the environments natural equilibrium. Growth of automobile industry in the world due to dignity to the parallel with increasing the production of rubber in the world. So increasing the disposal of worn tires is one of the world's great challenges. Annually, large amount of rubbers in the world is prepared. The rubber used in normal conditions can't be easily decomposed and make environmental pollution. This study was performed in Ahvaz metropolitan. The information in this study was achieved by questionnaire were asked of 40 shops, who was activated in the tire field. After this research revealed turned out about 300 shops were activated in the field of tires at the time of this study(2014), Also revealed 2700 tire rings out of cycle per day in Ahvaz .in this study (68%) questionnaire, believed that the tires after release from the workshop are collected by badger. (22%) believed that collected by municipal. Also (7%) of questionnaire believed that they didn't have any information about the release tires. At least only (3%) believed that himself collect damaged tires in their workshops. The application of the tire after collection in the idea of responded following: 15 person of questionnaire believe the tires sold after release from the workshop. 9 person said tires left in the wild. 8 persons believed that tires buried in a special place, Also 6 persons of questionnaire believed that tires are getting burned. At the end 2 persons of questionnaire believed that they don't know the fate of tires. At least some of the environmental hazards caused by incorrect tire were buried as were recommendation to improve

Optimization of SiC particle distribution during compocasting of A356-SiCp composites using D-optimal experiment design

This paper presents an experimental design approach to the process parameter optimization for compocasting of A356-SiCp composites. Toward this end, parameters of stirring temperature, stirring time, stirring speed and SiC content were chosen and three levels of these parameters were considered. The D-optimal design of experiment (DODE) was employed for experimental design and analysis of results. In the experimental stage, different 20 µm-sized SiC particle contents (5, 10 and 15 vol %) were introduced into semisolid-state A356 aluminium alloy. Semisolid stirring was carried out at temperatures of 590, 600 and 610 °C with stirring speeds of 200, 400 and 600 rpm for 10, 20 and 30 min. The effect of these parameters on the distribution of the SiC particles within the matrix, represented by distribution factor (DF), was investigated. The smaller value of DF is indicative of the more uniform distribution of the SiC particles in the matrix. It was observed that the SiC particle content of 15 vol %, stirring temperature of 590 °C, stirring speed of 500 rpm, and stirring time of 30 min were the optimum parameter values producing the best distribution of the SiC particles in the matrix. The statistical test revealed that the main effect of the stirring temperature is the most significant factor