Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Perbandingan fungsi waw dalam terjemahan surah Al-Mulk

Kajian ini membincangkan terjemahan waw yang seringkali disalahterjemahkan dengan padanan dan sahaja. Penggunaan penanda wacana yang tidak tepat memberi impak kepada ketenunan dan ketekstualan teks. Permasalahan ini lebih ketara berlaku dalam terjemahan teks agama terutamanya terjemahan makna al-Qur’an. Secara umumnya kajian ini menumpukan kepada terjemahan tiga jenis waw, iaitu waw al-catf, waw al-hal dan waw al-isti’naf . Kajian ini antara lain bertujuan untuk mencari padanan yang sesuai bagi huruf-huruf waw tersebut. Alternatif bagi penyelesaian permasalahan terjemahan waw ini dibincangkan berasaskan kepada pengaplikasian teori wacana yang diperkenalkan oleh Halliday dan Hasan (1976). Terlebih dahulu, fungsi dan waw dilihat dari sudut retorik Arab. Dalam teori tersebut, Halliday dan Hasan telah membahagikan maksud penanda wacana kepada empat, iaitu maksud tambahan, pertentangan, masa-ketika, dan sebab musabab. Bagi memperlihatkan maksud-maksud waw tersebut, ayat-ayat dalam surah al-Mulk dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan kajian korpus kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pengkaji telah memilih dua hasil terjemahan tersohor sebagai korpus. Kedua-dua terjemahan ini dibandingkan untuk meneliti kesemua maksud huruf waw tersebut. Bagi menentukan maksud huruf juga, konteks ayat dilihat melalui penafsiran ayat. Daripada analisis data ini dapat dirumuskan bahawa waw al-catf mengandungi maksud tambahan dan pertentangan dan waw al-hal pula bermaksud masa-ketika dan pertentangan. Manakala waw al-isti’naf , tiada penanda wacana dalam bahasa Melayu yang mewakilinya