To Reduce the Adverse Impact of Fossil Fuels on the Environment in Indian Context

Over the past quarter century, we have come to realize that there is more to life than material goods and services, that "some of the best things in life are free." The pleasure we derive from breathing fresh air, drinking pure water, and enjoying the beauty that nature has provided is priceless and must not be sacrificed. Moreover, losing them will lead directly or indirectly to incalculable economic losses. We have come to appreciate the importance of our environment. Much has been said and written about environmental problems with nuclear power, and they will be discussed at great length in this paper. But in this paper, we consider the wide variety of environmental problems in burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. They probably exceed those of any other human activity. The ones that have received the most publicity in recent years have been the "greenhouse effect," which is changing the Earth's climate; acid rain, which is destroying forests and killing fish; and air pollution, which is killing tens of thousands of citizens every year worldwide, while making tens of millions ill and degrading our quality of life in other ways [1]. We will discuss each of these in turn, and then summarize some of the other problems that have drawn lesser attention. But first we must begin with some basics. Keywords: Fossil fuel, Air pollution, Indian Cities, Climate change mitigatio

Influence of Thermal Parameters on the Heat Load Calculation of the Building Using HAP Software

The current world we are living in is energy driven and life seems to be almost impossible without it. Hence energy consumption is again another aspect which is closely related to power production process. The two important factors while designing comfortable air conditioning (AC) system is thermal comfort and energy consumption reductionIn this study, HAP software is used to analyse the inside air parameters in order to estimate the best possible condition which indicates minimum power requirement. The parameters on which the best suitable way to reduce heat inside the rooms chosen are as given follows - Walls orientations, windows orientations, climatic season, room level and thermal inertia inside the room. The paper presented is as per the standards provided by Indian standard of refrigeration and air conditioning (ISHRAE) which are in accordance with the climate of India. In particular, buildings require special air condition system and are mostly served by all-air HVAC systems in which control logics are fundamental to guarantee reliability and performance. Apart from this special care has to be taken while designing heating ventilation units in residential buildings. By comparing the output energy requirement of each room in different climatic seasons we can understand the behaviour of properties outside the room in order to minimise the total heat load. Also, it will help in understanding the foremost parameters that are responsible for the performance and functioning of air condition systems. This paper presents some results from operation data analysis of heat load for large residential complex based in Delhi. The main parameters of the energy consumption are shown to be dependent on room orientation and thermal inertia of room which is found to have a significant importance in the energy balance of the system

Analysis and Modelling of Single Slope Solar Still at Different Water Depth

Although, more than two thirds of the earth is covered with water and remaining is land, all over the world, access to potable water by the people is narrowing and decreasing day by day. Most of the human diseases are due to polluted or non-purified water. Nowadays, each and every country is facing a problem of huge water scarcity because of pollution created by manmade activities. Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is the fundamental need of all people on this earth. Fresh water, which was obtained from rivers, lakes and ponds, is becoming scarce because of industrialization and population explosion. Water purification using solar energy has become more popular because it is eco-friendly and cost effective. A solar still is commonly used device for water purification and it doesn’t require any electricity for distillation of water. Solar distillation is a technology for producing potable water from brackish water or underground water of low quality at low cost. This method can reduce water scarcity problems in the world. In a solar still, water is evaporated using solar energy, which is a form of renewable energy and collected as distillate water after condensation of the vapour. This method can produce distilled water after removal of impurities. Since last three decades, more research work is going on to improve the system performance and efficiency of the solar still and provide a sustainable water purification. A variety of solar distillation devices have been developed with different materials and in different shapes in different locations to improve the efficiency of solar distillation. There is a strong need to improve the single slope solar still performance and increase the production of water distillation. The various factors affecting the productivity of solar still are: Climatic Parameters, Operational Parameters and Design Parameters. Among all these three parameters, main focus on the Operational Parameters; which are: Salinity, Mode of Operation, Amount of Dyes and Water Depth. From my literature survey, many researchers, engineers and scientists experimentally studied solar water distillation using Phase Change Materials. There is no more work. So, this present paper is focused on performance of solar water distillation using Phase Change Materials. In this study Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate (MgSO4 7H2O), Sodium Sulphate (Na2S 7H2O) is used as phase change material and Titanium oxide is a Nano-material used for energy storage material. Among these energy storage materials Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate (MgSO4 7H2O) improves the efficiency of solar water distillation. Keywords: solar still, productivity, efficiency, phase change materials

Vertical Single-Effect Diffusion Solar Still Coupled with a Tilted Wick Still: An Experimental Study

A single-effect diffusion still, instead of a multiple-effect diffusion (MED) still, combined with a tilted wick (TW) still was investigated experimentally under actual weather conditions to investigate whether the natural convection can transport the vapor from the TW still to an MED still adequately. It was found that the single-effect still can be heated by vapor from the TW still and solar radiation absorbed on the single-effect still. From the experiments in summer and autumn, it was found that a MED still can be heated in both seasons whether the MED still absorbs solar radiation directly or not. The experimental results agreed with the calculation results. The total daily amount of distillate, Σmd,total, did not correlate with the daily horizontal solar radiation, ΣGday, but strongly correlated with daily solar radiation incident on the still, ΣGstill. The maximum of Σmd,total obtained in experiments was about 4.88 kg/m2 day when ΣGday and ΣGstill were 13.6 and 18.4 MJ/m2 day, respectively Keywords: Outdoor experiment, Solar still, Solar desalination, Tilted wick, Multiple-effect DOI: 10.7176/APTA/84-01 Publication date:August 31st 202

Optimization of Single Slope Solar Still Geometry for Maximum Collected Solar Radiation

In future we will not only consume energy, we will also partly produce our own energy need. Solar energy has been proven to be a valid strategy for producing on-site renewable energy. Planning for integrating solar energy in buildings involves many players and decision-making. In this article, a process map defining which decisions regarding solar energy needs to be discussed in which design stage, is presented. With the help of this process map, more informed decisions should facilitate the implementation of solar energy in buildings. Our way of thinking about energy and buildings is changing; initially buildings were solely considered to be energy-consuming, future buildings will be need to consume less energy while producing part of their own energy [1]. One way to produce renewable energy on-site is by means of active solar energy. By doing so, It will reduce the impact on the environment and reduce the dependence on imported energy. Current legislation is already directing towards such energy efficient and energy producing buildings, with the European directive for the energy performance of buildings [2] as the clearest example. Keywords: Solar energy, Solar Still, Solar Desalination, Building integrated Desalination

Chitosan-modified nanocarriers as carriers for anticancer drug delivery: promises and hurdles

With the advent of drug delivery, various polymeric materials are being explored to fabricate numerous nanocarriers. Each polymer is associated with a few characteristics attributes which further facilitate its usage in drug delivery. One such polymer is chitosan (CS), which is extensively employed to deliver a variety of drugs to various targets, especially to cancer cells. The desired properties like biological origin, bio-adhesive, biocompatibility, the scope of chemical modification, biodegradability and controlled drug release make it a highly rough after polymer in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. The present review attempts to compile various chemical modifications on CS and showcase the outcomes of the derived nanocarriers, especially in cancer chemotherapy and drug delivery

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Optimization of solar energy using MPPT techniques and industry 4.0 modelling

Solar energy is the energy discharged by the sun in the form of radiation of light which is then utilized by human beings using a diversity of method such as photovoltaic cells. It is unlimited source of energy such as solar energy does not belongs to anybody and so it is at no cost. The quantity of solar energy acknowledged by the world was considered to be 3000–50,000 EJ, which is much superior to the total world energy utilization of 600 EJ. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) can be integrated in controlling charge and further used to take out highest extractable and obtainable output from photovoltaic cells depending on few circumstances. The particular input for Photovoltaic module is capable of generating highest possible output power is called MPP (Maximum power point) or highest voltage. Maximum power changes with Sun's energy parameter of required temperature of PV module. Along with dissimilar tracking technique with P-O methods etc. Furthermore, several components were used to compute input parameters which had their own uncertainty. This uncertainty was removed by using devices equipped with sensors comprising of industry 4.0 techniques. The values were delivered back by sensors enabling error free solar energy estimation. This delivers admirable outcome and hence are employed. This system can be developed for charge controller by employing a microcontroller-based circuit for DC-DC buck converter and introducing MPPT

Assessing and predicting operation variables for doctors employing industry 4.0 in health care industry using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach

The chief objective of this study is to employ a predictive software called adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) approach which assess stress amongst doctors employing industry 4.0 technology during their surgeries. This study further investigates factors contributing the operation accuracy, sensitivity and specificity amongst doctors. Also, the effective performance of doctors can be optimized through earlier prediction for percentage of incorporating Industry 4.0 technologies. Survey was conducted amongst doctors using industry 4.0 technologies who provided unbiased answers to several queries in the questionnaire. The ANFIS model was employed to predict success rate of surgeries through models build with the aid of several input parameters. The outcomes such as accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were studied while employing Industry 4.0 technology which were considered significant factors influencing the perceived various kinds of surgeries in different domains. Moreover, the results of the ANFIS modelling approach showed that with increase in percentage of industry 4.0 machines in medical equipment, the operations sensitivity and accuracy increased, hence the most critical predictors. While specificity did not have any major impact on the surgeries. Henceforth, doctors can take preventive actions and simultaneously plan their work load with the aid of industry 4.0, providing better health benefits to patients making the healthcare industry much more efficient and stress-free

Impact of artificial intelligent and industry 4.0 based products on consumer behaviour characteristics: A meta-analysis-based review

In the modern era, computers using artificial intelligence (AI) and industry 4.0 have found acceptance since its application in renewable energy sectors thereby optimising the cost and efficiency of the equipment. Despite its importance, lack of comprehensive literature has been reported in the past highlighting its relationship with consumer behaviour (CB) in the market considering the modern women's in the sustainable energy field. Findings from 10 studies furnish that physiological, social, personal and economical aspects significantly impact women consumer behaviour when categorized on the perception for intention to buy, acceptance and need for recognition. The current review paper is the first distinguishable review highlighting the importance of stipulating the relationship between artificial intelligence and characteristics of consumer behaviour in the field of sustainable energies. The paper synthesises previous findings by developing a model with the aid of meta-analysis. The review and organization procedure were simultaneously verified. Eventually, outcomes of the review stipulated intention to buy area, which requires utmost importance in order to establish and maintain a healthy attitude of consumers towards women entrepreneurs and industry 4.0. In future, this review will establish a roadmap to researchers, thereby guiding to collect technology information and analyse the applications in sustainability and CB. This paper aims to enhance our expertise and simultaneously develop a feasible relationship between consumer behaviour and computer based renewable technologies by addressing different concerns related to implementation of robots at home and outlining the investigation programs for the future experiments