EVALUATING MANAGERS LEADERSHIP STYLE, CAREER SELF-EFFICACY AND BURNOUT AMONG NURSES

Introduction: The present study examined the relation between managers leadership style and burnout through career self-efficacy in the framework of a scientific model. Methodology: The study participants included 240 nurses (205 women, 35 men) from Shiraz city hospitals who were selected based on random multistage cluster sampling method. The participants completed three questionnaires of leadership style inventory, career self-efficacy and burnout. The model was analyzed using multiple regression method in simultaneous style based on Baron & Kenni stages. Results & Conclusion: The results showed that: a) managers leadership style is predictive of burnout dimensions, b) managers leadership style is predictive of career self -efficacy dimensions. Totally, the present study findings and Sobel test results showed that career self-efficacy has a moderate role between managers leadership style and burnout

EVALUATING MANAGERS LEADERSHIP STYLE, CAREER SELF-EFFICACY AND BURNOUT AMONG NURSES

Introduction: The present study examined the relation between managers leadership style and burnout through career self-efficacy in the framework of a scientific model. Methodology: The study participants included 240 nurses (205 women, 35 men) from Shiraz city hospitals who were selected based on random multistage cluster sampling method. The participants completed three questionnaires of leadership style inventory, career self-efficacy and burnout. The model was analyzed using multiple regression method in simultaneous style based on Baron & Kenni stages. Results & Conclusion: The results showed that: a) managers leadership style is predictive of burnout dimensions, b) managers leadership style is predictive of career self -efficacy dimensions. Totally, the present study findings and Sobel test results showed that career self-efficacy has a moderate role between managers leadership style and burnout

Comparative effects of red and white grapes on oxidative markers and lipidemic parameters in adult hypercholesterolemic humans

The present study compared the effects of consuming red versus white whole grapes on oxidative and lipidemic indices in people with hypercholesterolemia. Sixty nine patients were randomized into three groups. The two treatment groups consumed 500 g of either Condori red grapes or Shahroodi white grapes daily for 8 weeks, and the third group served as a control. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerol (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined by colorimetric methods at baseline and at the end of the study. In addition, the polyphenol and fiber content of the two grape varieties was measured. TBARS was reduced in both study groups compared to the control group, and the reduction was greater in the group that consumed red grapes compared to the white grapes. TAC was increased significantly in both red and white grape consuming groups compared to the control group. Total cholesterol and LDL-C were decreased in the red grape group compared to the control group. No significant changes in fasting blood glucose, TG or HDL-C were observed among the groups. The results of this study suggest that consumption of the whole fruit of red grapes has more potent anti-oxidative and hypolipidemic effects compared to the white grapes in hyperlipidemic adult humans. Hence, the whole fruit of red grapes may be an excellent fruit choice not only to prevent oxidative stress related metabolic disorders but also cholesterol related cardiovascular diseases, particularly in hyperlipidemic adult humans

Effect of Astaxanthin, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C in Combination with Calorie Restriction on Sperm Quality and Quantity in Male Rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of calorie restriction and dietary antioxidant supplementation separately or in combination on the quality and quantity of sperm in male rat. Forty male rats were randomly allocated to four groups of 10 animals each, and fed for at least 86 days with an ad libitum diet (group 1), a restricted diet (group 2), an ad libitum diet and astaxanthin, vitamin E, and vitamin C supplements (group 3), or a restricted diet with astaxanthin, vitamin E, and vitamin C supplements (group 4). At the end of the study period, sperm count and motility were determined with a hemocytometer, and differences between the groups were analyzed by analysis of variance. In addition, total antioxidant capacity and 8-epi prostaglandin F2 alpha were measured at the beginning and end of the study period with an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay method. After 86 days, a significantly higher sperm count was seen in group 4 compared to other groups. The percentage of immotile sperm was significantly decreased in groups 2, 3, and 4 in comparison to group 1. A significant increase in total antioxidant capacity was observed in group 3 (p = 0.02) and group 4 (p = 0.02) compared to groups 1 and 2. Antioxidant supplementation with or without calorie restriction had no significant effect on serum isoprostane level in any group. Astaxanthinin, combined with vitamin E, vitamin C, and calorie restriction, was able to ameliorate, in part, infertility in male rats

Effect of EPA and Vitamin C on Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Total Antioxidant Capacity and Malondialdehyde in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid combined with vitamin C in comparison with the pure form of eicosapentaenoic acid on the serum concentration of malondialdehyde, erythrocyte activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and the serum level of total antioxidant capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Eighty one male diabetic patients, aged 33-63 years, were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups. The subjects consumed 500 mg/d pure eicosapentaenoic acid, 200 mg/d vitamin C, 500 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 200 mg/d vitamin C or placebo depending on their groups. In fasting blood samples, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were determined via the enzymatic method (Randox kit) and the serum total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde and vitamin C concentrations were estimated by colorimetric methods. Results: Administration of pure eicosapentaenoic acid in diabetic patients increased superoxide dismutase by 4%, glutathione peroxidase 53%, total antioxidant capacity 36% and decreased malondialdehyde significantly by 25%. Prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid combined with vitamin C demonstrated a significant increment for superoxide dismutase activity by 3% and for glutathione peroxidase activity by 52% during the study, but no significant change was seen for total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde, respectively. There was a significant decrease in FBS and HbA1c following prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid with/without vitamin C along the study, although these changes were not significant between the study groups. Conclusion: It is concluded that prescription of eicosapentaenoic acid in the pure form reduces oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients; albeit, it does not alleviate hyperglycemia. Combination of vitamin C and eicosapentaenoic acid does not improve antioxidant property of eicosapentaenoic acid

A Comparative Study of Oral History of Hygiene in Pregnant Women in Oshnavieh and Marivan

زمینه و هدف: شهرستان اشنویه که در استان آذربایجان غربی واقع شده است، مردمانش با زبان کردی سورانی صحبت می‌کنند. به دلیل سنتی‌بودن بافت شهر باور‌های سنتی و کهن در میان مردم به قوت زیادی پا بر جا است، یکی از این سنت‌های کهن، طب عامیانه و شفاهی است. با توجه به این‌که در این شهرستان تاریخ شفاهی حفظ‌الصحه زنان باردار برجسته و قابل تأمل است، در این پژوهش با انتخاب زنانی آگاه، به بررسی و کاوش راه‌های پیشگیری و درمان در زنان حامله و نوزدان تازه متولدشده در این شهرستان پرداخته شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: برای فهم بهتر مسائل و تفکیک آن‌ها از همدیگر، سؤاللات تحقیق در سه بخش دوران قبل از تولد، تولد و بعد از تولد دسته‌بندی شدند. در این بین به موارد زیر اشاره شده است: شیوه تشخیص بارداری، راه‌های تشخیص جنسیت، تشخیص قرارگیری غیر طبیعی کودک در شکم و درمان آن، مراقبت و تغذیه دوران حاملگی و همچنین بیماری‌های نوزاد مانند گوش‌درد، شکم‌درد، ملاج، سوریژه، له‌مه‌‌یی، فرچک که وتن و زردی به طور اجمالی اشاره شده است. یافته‌ها: در این تحقیق مشخص شد که شیوه تشخیص بارداری و راه‌های تشخیص جنسیت در طب عامیانه شهرستان اشنویه در حین کاربردی‌بودن آمیخته با خرافات و همچنین عقاید اشتباه است، ولی در سایر موراد خصوصاً تغذیه دوران حاملگی و بیماری‌های دوران نوزادی مواردی را اشاره کردند که در زمان حاضر نیز بسیار کاربردی و عملی هستند. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به نتایج به دست‌ آمده، مشخص شد که حفظ‌الصحه زنان باردار شهرستان اشنویه در مراحل مختلف قبل از تولد، حین تولد، و بعد از تولد در پیشگیری و درمان مثمر ثمر بوده است. طب سنتی اشنویه ضمن این‌که شباهت‌هایی که به طب سنتی سایر مناطق ایران و هچنین سایر مناطق کردنشین دارد، تفاوت‌هایی هم دارد. این تفاوت‌ها موجب تمایز طب سنتی این منطقه شده است. این تفاوت بیشتر به علت یکسان‌نبودن محل زندگی و همچنین نوع دیدگاه آن‌ها به بعضی از بیماری‌ها و شاید مهم‌تر از آن‌ها دسترسی به موادی برای رفع و درمان بیماری‌های بازمی‌گردد. آنچه در مورد علمی‌بودن و تأثیرگذاربودن این روش‌ها باید تحقیقات بیشتری انجام گردد.Background and Aim: The people of Oshnavieh city, located in West-Azarbaijan in Iran, speak the Kurdish language. Due to the traditionality of the city's texture, traditional and ancient beliefs persist among the people, and one of these is traditional medicine (folk and oral medicine). Considering the fact that the oral history of hygiene in pregnant women is prominent and contemplative in this city, the purpose of this study was to investigate the traditional preventive methods in pregnant women and newborn babies in this city. For this purpose, knowledgeable women were selected and then the interview was conducted. Materials and Methods: To better understand issues and differentiate them from each other, research questions were categorized into three parts, viz: before birth, birth and after birth. In this article, the following topics are discussed: pregnancy diagnosis, gender verification, diagnosis and treatment of fetus abnormal placement in the abdominal, and care and nutrition during pregnancy as well as diseases such as earache, abdominal pain, measles and jaundice. Findings: In this study, it was determined that the method of diagnosis of pregnancy and the ways of diagnosis of gender in folk medicine in Oshnavieh during the application is mixed with superstition as well as misconceptions, but in other cases, especially nutrition during pregnancy and neonatal diseases in this modern era, the methods of diagnosis are very practical. Conclusion: According to the results, it was found that sanitation in pregnant women in the city of Oshnavieh was effective in prevention and treatment in various stages of pre-birth, during birth and after birth. Traditional medicine in Oshnavieh also has similarities to traditional medicine in other regions of Iran, as well as other Kurdish regions. These differences differentiate traditional medicine in this region. This difference is largely due to the lack of homogeneity of the place of residence, as well as the kind of view of some of the diseases and perhaps more importantly, access to materials for the treatment of diseases. More research is needed on the scientific validity and effectiveness of these methods and to prove the scientific nature and effectiveness of these methods.   Please cite this article as: Rahbar S, Nikbakht R, Rajab Nejad MR. A Comparative Study of Oral History of Hygiene in Pregnant Women in Ohnavieh and Marivan. Med Hist J 2018; 9(33): 33-46

First report of Klebsiella pneumonia carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients in Iran: Phenotypic and genotypic methods

Wound infection associated with carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn patients is a growing problem. One of the main mechanisms of resistance to carbapenem antibiotics is the ability of P. aeruginosa to produce carbapenemase enzymes. Klebsiella pneumonia carbapemenase (KPC) is an important type of carbapenemase which can hydrolyze carbapenem antibiotics. The Modified Hodge Test (MHT) and boronic acid as a KPC inhibitor are two phenotypic methods used for detection of carbapenemase. The sensitivity and specificity of these two phenotypic tests for the identification of KPC can be measured by PCR. In this study, 241 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from wounds of hospitalized burn patients. Carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method. KPC-producing carbapenem-resistant strains were examined using the Modified Hodge Test, followed by boronic acid. Further, strains with positive responses to MHT and boronic acid tests were analyzed with the PCR molecular method. One hundred eighty-six of 241 isolates were resistant to carbapenems and 75 were positive in the MHT. Three exhibited an at least 5-mm diameter difference when meropenem was combined with boronic acid vs meropenem alone in the boronic acid test. Two strains had a specific band with primer No.1 after gel electrophoresis. This study showed that MHT, despite excellent sensitivity, has variable specificity independent of bacterial species. Further, the use of KPC inhibitors such as boronic acid did not yield favorable sensitivity and specificity among the specimens from Iranian patients. Thus, it seems that sequencing after PCR should be considered the gold standard for the detection of KPC-producing P. aeruginosa

Aflatoxin M1 Contamination in Traditional Yoghurts Produced in Guilan Province, Iran

Aflatoxin M1 is a major carcinogenic compound that may be existed in dairy products. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of AFM1 in traditional yoghurt samples in Guilan Province (Northern Iran). Ninety samples of traditional yoghurts were collected during summer and autumn 2014. Enzyme linked Immunosorbentassay (ELISA) which is a rapid and sensitive method was used to determine the presence and levels of AFM1. 100% of the yoghurt samples were contaminated with 5 and 83 ng/kg of AFM1. In general, AFM1 in 20 samples (22.22%) were higher than the maximum tolerance limit (50 ng/kg) accepted by the European Union. It was therefore concluded that, high occurrence of AFM1 in yoghurt is a serious risk for public health

The Prevalence of ESBLs Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in Some Major Hospitals, Iran

Aims of this study were to investigate on antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of K.pneumoniae producing ESBLs isolates of respiratory tract infections in some major hospitals in Iran. K.pneumonaie were obtained of patients with RTI. K. pneumoniae producing ESBLs detected by screening, confirming and PCR methods. During the 12-month period, a total of one hundred and thirteen of K.pneumoniae were found from RTI in three cities in different region of Iran which Sixty seven strains (59.2%) were ESBLs producer. In Ilam hospitals, seventeen strains (43.6%), in Milad hospital, thirty-seven strains (74%) and in Emam Reza hospital, thirteen strains (54.2%) were ESBLs producer. The findings showed that among sixty-seven K.pneumoniae producing ESBLs, Sixty-three strains (94%) were positive for blaSHV, eleven strains (16.4%) contained blaTEM and sixteen strains (23.9%) harbored blaCTX-M. Imipenem was found as an effectiveness antibiotic. In the current study, Majority of the ESBLs production had occurred in Milad hospital in Tehran (74%). In conclusion, spreading ESBL-producing strains is a concern, as it causes limitations to the antimicrobial agents for optimal treatment of patients

Al-Harith Ibn Amro ibn Kalada Saghafi Physician: From Myth to Reality

زمینه و هدف: در طول تاریخ، کتاب‌ها و دست‌نوشته‌هایی درباره مهارت طبیبان، توسط شخصیت‌های مختلف نوشته شده‌اند که در برخی موارد نوشته‌ها به دور از واقعیت می‌باشد و این امر منجر به اسطوره‌ای‌نشان‌دادن یک طبیب برای نسل‌های بعدی شده بود. حارث از جمله طبیبانی است که از این موضوع مستثنی نبوده و دست‌نوشته و داستان‌هایی متناقض در مورد وی به نگارش درآمده است، حتی در تعدادی از مقالات ذکر شده‌ است که احتمالاً پیامبر اکرم (ص) در بعضی موارد علم پزشکی خود را از اطلاعات ابن کلده کپی‌برداری کرده باشد. مواد و روش‌ها‌: این مطالعه، یك بررسی مروری بر اساس متون تاریخی و طبی درباره حارث بن کلده است. تا با توجه به اطلاعات متناقضی که درباره ایشان و ارتباطش با پیامبر وجود دارد، نتایجی در رابطه با سن، تألیفات و اسلام‌آوردنش کسب کرده و پرده از برخی رازهای زندگی کلده برداشته شود. ملاحظات اخلاقی: ملاحضات اخلاقی در انتخاب موضوع، جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، صداقت و امانت در استناددهی و تمام مراحل کار رعایت شده است. یافته‌ها: با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش مشخص شد که حارث ابن کلده برای تحصیل به دانشگاه جندی‌شاپور ایران عزیمت کرده و پس از مدتی به حجاز بازگشته است. در رابطه با اسلام‌آوردن ایشان نتایج دقیقی به دست نیامد، ولی با ذکر دلایلی محکم مشخص شد که پیامبر اکرم (ص) هر آنچه در رابطه با طب بیان فرموده‌اند، صرفاً وحی و تعالیم الهی بوده‌ است که به ایشان نازل شده است. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به یافته‌های پژوهش مشخص شد که حارث ابن کلده برای تحصیل به دانشگاه جندی‌شاپور ایران عزیمت کرده و پس از مدتی به حجاز بازگشته است. حارث، اولین طبیب در بین اعراب عصر جاهلیت بود که او را به دلیل داشتن تحصیلات آکادمیک، پزشک نامیده بودند و همین منجر به اسطوره‌ای‌شدنش در بین اعراب شده بود. در رابطه با اسلام‌آوردن ایشان نتایج دقیقی به دست نیامد، ولی با ذکر دلایلی محکم مشخص شد که پیامبر اکرم (ص) هر آنچه در رابطه با طب بیان فرموده‌اند، صرفاً وحی و تعالیم الهی بوده‌ است که به ایشان نازل شده است.Background and Aim: In the past, a large number of manuscripts and books have been written by various authors as to the skills of physicians. In some cases, these writings are far from reality and turn a physician into a legend for later generations. Al-Harith Ibn Kalada is one of these physicians, and a large number of contradictory stories have been written in relation to his skills. It is even mentioned in a number of articles that Prophet Mohammad probably copied his medical science in some cases from the medical information of Kalada. Materials and Methods: This review article was based on historical and medical texts about Kalada. Due to the contradictory information about Kalada and his relationship with the Prophet, we presented information in relation to his age, his writings, and his turning into Islam to demystify his life. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations were observed in the choice of title, data collection, citation, as well as all other stages of the study. Findings: According to our findings, it was found that Kalada departed for Jundishapur University of Iran and returned to Hejaz after a while. About his turning into Islam, we could not obtain precise results. However, there is strong evidence that anything the Prophet stated in relation to medicine was merely revelation and divine teachings. Conclusion: According to our findings, it was found that Kalada departed for Jundishapur University of Iran and returned to Hejaz after a while. Kalada was the first physician among Arabs of the Era of Ignorance that was called a physician because of his academic education. About his turning into Islam, we could not obtain precise results. However, there is strong evidence that anything the Prophet stated in relation to medicine was merely revelation and divine teachings.   Please cite this article as: Rahbar S, Rajab Nejad MR. Al-Harith Ibn Amro ibn Kalada Saghafi Physician: From Myth to Reality. Med Hist J 2017; 9(31): 41-53