Air temperature and final grain moisture effects on drying time and milling quality in two types of fluidized bed dryer

Drying process is one of the important stages in paddy milling process and plays a key role in the product quality.  In this modified the effects of air temperature (40°C, 50°C and 60°C) and final paddy grain moisture content (8-9%, 9-10% and 10-11% d.b.) were examined on the drying time and milling properties in fluidized bed dryer with two heating sources (infrared radiation and heater types).  The experimental design was randomized complete design with factorial layout in which three levels of final paddy grain moisture content, three levels of air temperature and two types of dryers with three replications in each treatment.  The results indicated that the lowest cracked grain (8.01%) was related to the air temperature of 40°C and the moisture content of 10%-11%; whereas the highest cracked grain percent (14.67%) was registered at the air temperature of 60°C and the moisture content of 8%-9%.  The milling recovery decreased as the air temperature and final paddy grain moisture content increased. At each final paddy grain moisture content, the drying time decreased and broken rice increased significantly (P<0.01) as the air temperature increased from 40°C to 60°C, however the broken rice and drying time in infrared fluidized bed dryer was significantly (P<0.01) lower than those of the heater type one.  The drying time in the infrared fluidized bed dryer was reduced by 67.7%, 70.0% and 75.4% compared to heater type fluidized bed dryer at the air temperatures of 40°C, 50°C and 60°C, respectively.

Western Fires are Burning Higher in the Mountains at Unprecedented Rates: It’s a Clear Sign of Climate Change

The Western U.S. appears headed for another dangerous fire season, and a new study shows that even high mountain areas once considered too wet to burn are at increasing risk as the climate warms. Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. West is in severe to exceptional drought right now, including large parts of the Rocky Mountains, Cascades and Sierra Nevada. The situation is so severe that the Colorado River basin is on the verge of its first official water shortage declaration, and forecasts suggest another hot, dry summer is on the way. Warm and dry conditions like these are a recipe for wildfire disaster

The Role of Urban Agriculture Approach in Food Supply and Export Ability (Case Study of Neishabour in Iran)

The growth of cities and the increase of urban population in recent years has caused many problems for the health of the environment and citizens. On the other hand, given that urbanism is inevitable, we must think of ways to reduce the pressure on nature by cities and improve economic and social indicators in cities. Urban agriculture will play an effective role in establishing a logical relationship between urban needs and improving the economic situation. In this research, the study of the role of urban agriculture from an economic point of view, especially in the field of food supply and export ability has been emphasized. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on collecting survey data (field). The main research tool is a questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by elites and its reliability was confirmed by completing 30 questionnaires through Cronbach's alpha at a level greater than 0.70. The study population was 264,375 citizens living in Neishabour. The sample size was determined by Cochran's formula equal to 384 people. The results showed that urban agriculture is significant in food supply and export ability at a level of less than 0.05. The city's agriculture can be effective in improving the export of organic products, fruits and vegetables, exports of ornamental and medicinal plants, branding of products, as well as in supplying fresh vegetables, providing healthy food, improving the quality of nutrition and protein. Urban agriculture has a significant level of less than 0.05 in urban development indicators such as improving the urban environment, improving employment, improving citizens' incomes, creating attractive urban spaces, rainwater consumption, etc. From the people's point of view, it is possible to cultivate crops such as peaches, Damask rose, poultry breeding, etc., according to the available spaces. The study of the role of urban agriculture through structural equations shows that the total effect is 0.81 and in total urban agriculture can explain about 56% of the variance of role-playing and two variables of meeting food needs and export ability

A Century of Observations Reveals Increasing Likelihood of Continental-Scale Compound Dry-Hot Extremes

Using over a century of ground-based observations over the contiguous United States, we show that the frequency of compound dry and hot extremes has increased substantially in the past decades, with an alarming increase in very rare dry-hot extremes. Our results indicate that the area affected by concurrent extremes has also increased significantly. Further, we explore homogeneity (i.e., connectedness) of dry-hot extremes across space. We show that dry-hot extremes have homogeneously enlarged over the past 122 years, pointing to spatial propagation of extreme dryness and heat and increased probability of continental-scale compound extremes. Last, we show an interesting shift between the main driver of dry-hot extremes over time. While meteorological drought was the main driver of dry-hot events in the 1930s, the observed warming trend has become the dominant driver in recent decades. Our results provide a deeper understanding of spatiotemporal variation of compound dry-hot extremes

¿Cómo componer una mezcla de mercadeo de medios de comunicación para ganar una campaña electoral? Propuesta de un marco para el marketing político

This article addresses the issue of composing different media to send an integrated message to the voters in electoral campaigns and presents a framework for managing media in political marketing. The authors conducted deep interviews with strategy developers of the past presidential elections as well as two parliamentary elections in Iran to extract the strategy development process for delivering the campaign message to the target audiences. thematic analysis used for analysis of data and interviews coded in three levels of open, axial and selective. The paper suggests a sequence of audience, message and media to launch a successful campaign within a framework that starts with campaign structure and strategy and accomplished with economic effectiveness measuring and success rate.Este artículo presenta un marco para la gestión de medios en campañas electorales. Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad con desarrolladores de estrategias en las pasadas elecciones presidenciales, así como dos elecciones parlamentarias para extraer el proceso de desarrollo de la estrategia para transmitir el mensaje de la campaña a las audiencias objetivo. El documento sugiere una secuencia de audiencia, mensaje y medios de comunicación para lanzar una campaña exitosa

Medindo a satisfação dos moradores do município de Mehregan, em Mashhad, na perspectiva da habitação sustentável

Demographic developments in Mashhad and surrounding rural areas which are now considered urban break points It is well established that these areas have become centers of attraction for low-income immigrants who intend to migrate to Mashhad, as well as low-income urban strata that have previously lived in Mashhad. Since all four types of worn-out urban textures, including urban heritage, non-urban, marginal and rural urban textures, are the middle and lower decay habitats, "The 5000 unit project of Mehregan Town of Mashhad" has played an important role in the physical and functional organization of these tissues and responding to the needs of the poor. In view of the above, and several years after the project was inaugurated, the superstructure and infrastructure problems of the project are the subject of research in this research. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical and applied. According to the number of households in the city that formed the statistical population of the study, and based on Cochran's formula, the sample population was 366 persons. Also, Delphi method has distributed 32 questionnaires to expert experts. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of completed questionnaires and experts has been done with the help of nonparametric and parametric statistical methods. The results of field surveys showed that the observed frequency of low-satisfaction residents was 222 and above all, so it is safe to say that 95% of respondents are not satisfied with their residence in Mehregan town. It is believed that the residential units constructed in Mehregan town of Mashhad have poor compliance with the standards and standards of sustainable housing.Desenvolvimentos demográficos em Mashhad e áreas rurais circunvizinhas que agora são consideradas pontos de ruptura urbana Está bem estabelecido que essas áreas se tornaram centros de atração para imigrantes de baixa renda que pretendem migrar para Mashhad, bem como estratos urbanos de baixa renda que anteriormente morava em Mashhad. Como todos os quatro tipos de texturas urbanas desgastadas, incluindo herança urbana, texturas urbanas não urbanas, marginais e rurais, são habitats de decadência média e baixa, "O projeto da unidade de 5000 unidades da cidade de Mehregan, Mashhad" desempenhou um papel importante. a organização física e funcional desses tecidos e a resposta às necessidades dos pobres. Tendo em vista o exposto, e vários anos após a inauguração do projeto, os problemas de superestrutura e infraestrutura do projeto são objeto de pesquisa nesta pesquisa. O método de pesquisa neste estudo foi descritivo-analítico e aplicado. De acordo com o número de domicílios da cidade que formaram a população estatística do estudo, e com base na fórmula de Cochran, a população da amostra era de 366 pessoas. Além disso, o método Delphi distribuiu 32 questionários para especialistas. A análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos questionários e especialistas preenchidos foi realizada com a ajuda de métodos estatísticos não paramétricos e paramétricos. Os resultados de pesquisas de campo mostraram que a frequência observada de residentes de baixa satisfação era 222 e, acima de tudo, portanto, é seguro dizer que 95% dos entrevistados não estão satisfeitos com sua residência na cidade de Mehregan. Acredita-se que as unidades residenciais construídas na cidade de Mashhad, em Mehregan, não cumpram com os padrões e padrões de habitação sustentável

Antibacterial Substantivity of Carvacrol and sodium hypochlorite in infected bovine root dentin

INTRODUCTION: Various methods commonly used for cleaning and shaping root canals have not been successful in completely eradicating bacteria due to anatomic complexity and root canals irregularities. Disinfecting the canals with intracanal irrigants in addition to proper cleaning and shaping can produce a successful outcome. Antimicrobials with sustained antibacterial activity would be desirable for irrigation. The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial substantivity of Carvacrol and 5.25% NaOCl in infected bovine root dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty dentin tubes prepared from bovine incisors were infected in vitro for 14 days with Enterococcus (E) faecalis. The specimens were divided into four groups including 1) Carvacrol, 2) NaOCl, 3) infected dentin tubes (positive control); and 4) sterile dentin tubes (negative control). Dentin chips were collected at five intervals (days 0, 1, 3, 7 and 28) using round burs with sequentially increasing diameters (which includes five layers of dentin) into Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. In order to compare the pre- and post-irrigation antimicrobial activity of the irrigants the colony-forming units (CFU) were counted and classified as “CFU-before” and “CFU-after”. After culturing, the number of CFU with the various experimental time and dentinal layers was recounted. Two-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the effects of time and materials. One-way ANOVA and supplemental Tukey HSD test were used for pair comparison. RESULTS: CFU was significantly reduced in NaOCl group when compared to all other experimental groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The substantivity of NaOCl was significantly greater than Carvacrol. Further studies are required to investigate and approve Carvacrol as a final irrigant