SANKSI PIDANA ATAS PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM DALAM MELAKUKAN TRANSITO NARKOTIKA MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 35 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG NARKOTIKA

Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaturan hukum mengenai transito narkotika menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika dan bagaimana pemberlakuan sanksi pidana atas perbuatan melawan hukum dalam melakukan transito narkotika menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, disimpulkan: 1. Pengaturan hukum mengenai transito narkotika dan prekursor narkotika diatur menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 Tentang Narkotika, dan Peraturan menteri kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 168/Menkes/Per/ll/2005. Transito narkotika harus dilengkapi dengan dokumen atau Surat Persetujuan Ekspor Narkotika yang sah dari pemerintah negara pengekspor dan dokumen atau Surat Persetujuan Impor Narkotika yang sah dari pemerintah negara pengimpor sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku di negara pengekspor dan pengimpor. 2. Pemberlakuan sanksi pidana dapat dikenakan atas perbuatan melawan hukum dalam melakukan transito narkotika dan prekursor narkotika termasuk jenis-jenis perbuatan lainnya yang berkaitan erat dengan tindak pidana transito yang telah terbukti secara sah menurut hukum dapat dikenakan pidana mati, pidana penjara seumur hidup, pidana penjara dan pidana denda sesuai dengan bentuk perbuatan pidana yang terbukti dilakukan. Dalam hal tindak pidana dilakukan oleh korporasi, selain pidana penjara dan denda terhadap pengurusnya, pidana yang dapat dijatuhkan terhadap korporasi berupa pidana denda dengan pemberatan 3 (tiga) kali dari pidana denda yang berlaku. Selain pidana denda korporasi dapat dijatuhi pidana tambahan berupa:  a. pencabutan izin usaha; dan/atau  b. pencabutan status badan hukum.Kata kunci: Sanksi Pidana, Perbuatan Melawan Hukum, Melakukan Transito Narkotik

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terhadap Penjualan Obat Dan Makanan Yang Mengandung Bahan Kimia Ditinjau Dari Undang-undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen terhadap penjualan obat dan makanan yang mengandung bahan kimia dan bagaimana akibat hukum bagi pihak distributor obat dan makanan yang melakukan pelanggaran hukum penjualan. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif, maka dapat disimpulkan : 1. Bentuk Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terhadap Penjualan Obat dan Makanan Yang Mengandung Bahan Kimia Menurut Undang-undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen adalah melalui Badan Perlindungan Konsumen Nasional; Perlindungan Melalui Lembaga Perlindungan Konsumen Swadaya Masyarakat; Perlindungan Melalui Lembaga Perlindungan Konsumen Lainnya seperti Asosiasi Industri, Media Cetak, Pengaduan / Laporan Tindak Pidana Ke Kepolisian, Somasi Ke Pelaku Usaha, Gugatan Secara Perorangan, Gugatan Perdata Secara Perwakilan Kelompok (Class Action), Badan Penyelaian Sengketa Konsumen (BPSK), OMBUDSNMAN Nasional, dan melalui Organisasi Profesi. Akibat Hukum Bagi Pihak Distributor Obat Dan Makanan Yang Melakukan Pelanggaran Hukum Penjualan Menurut Undang-undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 adalah distributor dapat dikenakan sanksi hukum berupa sanksi Administratif dan Sanksi Pidana

Detailed Investigation of the Foreshock Sequence of the 2010 Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah Earthquake

Foreshocks can provide valuable information about possible nucleation process of a mainshock. However, their physical mechanisms are still under debate. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of the earthquake sequence preceding the 2010 Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah mainshock, including waveform detection of missing smaller events, relative relocation, and source parameter analysis. Based on a template matching method, we find a tenfold increase in the number of earthquakes than reported in the Southern California Seismic Network catalog. The entire sequence exhibits nearly continuous episodes of foreshocks that can be loosely separated into two active clusters. Relocated foreshocks show several seismicity streaks at depth, with a consistently active cluster at depths between 14 and 16 km where the mainshock was nucleated. Stress drop measurements from a spectral ratio approach based on empirical Green’s functions show a range between 3.8 and 41.7 MPa with a median of 13.0 MPa and no clear temporal variations. The relocation results, together with the source patches estimated from earthquake corner frequencies, revealed a migration front toward the mainshock hypocenter within last 8 hr and a chain of active burst immediately 6 min prior to the mainshock. Our results support combined effects of aseismic slip and cascading failure on the evolution of foreshocks.Plain Language SummaryThe 2010 Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah (EMC) earthquake was preceded by a prominent sequence of foreshocks starting ~21 days before the mainshock. Several methods based on the similarities of waveforms are applied to obtain spatiotemporal evolution of foreshocks. Ten times more events are found from a template matching method when compared to the SCSN catalog. The refined relative locations reveal two main active clusters in time, as well as two spatial patches with a shallower one to the north of the mainshock epicenter. The depth distribution indicates several linear lines of seismicity, with a consistently active cluster at depths of 14–16 km where mainshock started. An active cluster of foreshocks occurred in the last 6 min. They likely altered the stress state near the hypocenter and ultimately triggered the mainshock. Our analysis indicates that both aseismic slip and cascade triggering processes occurred and contributed to the eventual triggering of the EMC mainshock.Key PointsA waveform matching technique leads to tenfold increase in the number of foreshocks when compared with the SCSN catalogWe resolve the corner frequency of 20 foreshocks using the detected events as empirical Green’s functionsThe relocated catalog and estimated source patches reveal effects of both aseismic slip and cascading stress transferPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155988/1/jgrb54188.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155988/2/jgrb54188_am.pd

Failure time and microcrack nucleation

The failure time of samples of heterogeneous materials (wood, fiberglass) is studied as a function of the applied stress. It is shown that in these materials the failure time is predicted with a good accuracy by a model of microcrack nucleation proposed by Pomeau. It is also shown that the crack growth process presents critical features when the failure time is approached.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Europhysics Letter

Neutron emissions in brittle rocks during compression tests: Monotonic vs cyclic loading

Neutron emission measurements, by means of 3He devices and neutron bubble detectors, were performed during two different kinds of compression tests on brittle rocks: (i) under displacement control, and (ii) under cyclic loading. The material used for the tests was Green Luserna Granite, with different specimen sizes and shapes, and consequently with different brittleness numbers. Since the analyzed material contains iron, our conjecture is that piezonuclear reactions involving fission of iron into aluminum, or into magnesium and silicon, should have occurred during compression damage and failure. Some studies have been already conducted on the different forms of energy emitted during the failure of brittle materials. They are based on the signals captured by acoustic emission measurement systems, or on the detection of electromagnetic charge. On the other hand, piezonuclear neutron emissions from very brittle rock specimens in compression have been discovered only very recently. In this paper, the authors analyse this phenomenon from an experimental point of vie

Electronic excitation of carbonyl sulphide (COS) by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption and electron-impact spectroscopy in the energy region from 4 to 11 eV

The electronic state spectroscopy of carbonyl sulphide, COS, has been investigated using high resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy in the energy range of 4.0–10.8 eV. The spectrum reveals several new features not previously reported in the literature. Vibronic structure has been observed, notably in the low energy absorption dipole forbidden band assigned to the (4π←3π) (1Δ←1Σ+) transition, with a new weak transition assigned to (1Σ−←1Σ+) reported here for the first time. The absolute optical oscillator strengths are determined for ground state to 1Σ+ and 1Π transitions. Based on our recent measurements of differential cross sections for the optically allowed (1Σ+ and 1Π) transitions of COS by electron impact, the optical oscillator strength f0 value and integral cross sections (ICSs) are derived by applying a generalized oscillator strength analysis. Subsequently, ICSs predicted by the scaling are confirmed down to 60 eV in the intermediate energy region. The measured absolute photoabsorption cross sections have been used to calculate the photolysis lifetime of carbonyl sulphide in the upper stratosphere (20–50 km)

Power Laws, Precursors and Predictability During Failure

We investigate the dynamics of a modified Burridge-Knopoff model by introducing a dissipative term to mimic the bursts of acoustic emission (AE) from rock samples. The model explains many features of the statistics of AE signals observed in experiments such as the crossover in the exponent value from relatively small amplitude AE signals to larger regime, and their dependence on the pulling speed. Significantly, we find that the cumulative energy dissipated identified with acoustic emission can be used to predict a major slip event. We also find a data collapse of the acoustic activity for several major slip events describable by a universal stretched exponential with corrections in terms of time-to-failure.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, Final version with minor change

The Influence of Viscoelastic Crustal Rheologies on Volcanic Ground Deformation: Insights from Models of Pressure and Volume Change

This is the final version. Avaialble on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordInelastic rheological behaviour, such as viscoelasticity, is increasingly utilised in the modelling of volcanic ground deformation, as elevated thermal regimes induced by magmatic systems may necessitate the use of a mechanical model containing a component of time-dependent viscous behaviour. For the modelling of a given amplitude and footprint of ground deformation, incorporating a viscoelastic regime has been shown to reduce the magma reservoir overpressure requirements suggested by elastic models. This phenomenon, however, is restricted to pressure-based analyses and the associated creep behaviour. Viscoelastic materials exhibit additional constitutive time-dependent behaviours, determined by the stress and strain states, that are yet to be analysed in the context of volcanic ground deformation. By utilising a mechanically homogeneous model-space and distinct reservoir evolutions, we provide a comparison of three viscoelastic rheological models, including the commonly implemented Maxwell and Standard Linear Solid configurations, and their time-dependent behaviours from a fundamental perspective. We also investigate the differences between deformation timeseries resulting from a pressurisation or volume change; two contrasting approaches that are assumed to be equivalent through elastic modelling. Our results illustrate that the perceived influence of viscoelasticity is dependent on the mode of deformation, with stress-based pressurisation models imparting enhanced deformation relative to the elastic models, thus reducing pressure requirements. Strain-based volumetric models, however, exhibit reduced levels of deformation and may produce episodes of apparent ground subsidence induced by source inflation or vice versa, due to the relaxation of crustal stresses, dependent on whether the reservoir is modelled to be expanding or contracting, respectively.Natural Environment Research Council (NERC

From Multi-Sensors Observations Towards Cross-Disciplinary Study of Pre-Earthquake Signals. What have We Learned from the Tohoku Earthquake?

The lessons we have learned from the Great Tohoku EQ (Japan, 2011) how this knowledge will affect our future observation and analysis is the main focus of this presentation.We present multi-sensors observations and multidisciplinary research in our investigation of phenomena preceding major earthquakes. These observations revealed the existence of atmospheric and ionospheric phenomena occurring prior to theM9.0 Tohoku earthquake of March 11, 2011, which indicates s new evidence of a distinct coupling between the lithosphere and atmosphere/ionosphere, as related to underlying tectonic activity. Similar results have been reported before the catastrophic events in Chile (M8.8, 2010), Italy (M6.3, 2009) and Sumatra (M9.3, 2004). For the Tohoku earthquake, our analysis shows a synergy between several independent observations characterizing the state of the lithosphere /atmosphere coupling several days before the onset of the earthquakes, namely: (i) Foreshock sequence change (rate, space and time); (ii) Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) measured at the top of the atmosphere; and (iii) Anomalous variations of ionospheric parameters revealed by multi-sensors observations. We are presenting a cross-disciplinary analysis of the observed pre-earthquake anomalies and will discuss current research in the detection of these signals in Japan. We expect that our analysis will shed light on the underlying physics of pre-earthquake signals associated with some of the largest earthquake event