85 research outputs found

    Die Optimierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern

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    Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war die Untersuchung von Möglichkeiten zur Intensivierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus des Geruchsstoffes Limonen unter Anwendung des Biofilter-verfahrens. Limonen stellt eine wesentliche Geruchskomponente bei der Intensivrotte der Bioabfallkompostierung dar und wird bisher in biologischen Abluftreinigungsanlagen oft nur unzureichend eliminiert. Dies fĂŒhrt zu einer GeruchsbelĂ€stigung des Personals und an-grenzender Wohngebiete. Die Verbesserung des hygienischen Status der Bioabfallkom-postierung und eine damit verbundene Steigerung ihrer gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz erfordert daher ein Biofilterverfahren, das hinsichtlich des Limonenabbaus optimiert wird. Die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit von Biofiltern ist neben der Einstellung und Optimierung technischer Parameter auch von der biologischen AktivitĂ€t der im Strukturmaterial vorhandenen Mikro-organismenbiozönose abhĂ€ngig. Viele zum mikrobiellen Abbau von Limonen befĂ€higte Mikroorganismen sind zwar bekannt, doch handelt es sich bei den beschriebenen Abbau-mechanismen hauptsĂ€chlich um eine unvollstĂ€ndige Mineralisierung dieses Geruchsstoffes, die zu einer Anreicherung wiederum geruchsbelasteter Verbindungen fĂŒhrt. In dieser Arbeit wurden aus Umweltproben (Fichtenzapfen, -nadeln, -rinde; Waldboden; Schalen von ZitrusfrĂŒchten; Bioabfall) vier bakterielle Mischpopulationen, die zur Ver-wertung von Limonen als einzige Energie- und Kohlenstoffquelle in der Lage sind und durch Wachstum auf diesem Substrat Biomasse bilden, in SchĂŒttelkultur durch Metabolisierung von Limonen erfolgreich angereichert. Hinsichtlich ihrer Abbaukinetik fĂŒr Limonen wiesen alle Batch-Kulturen eine starke Ähnlichkeit auf. Limonen wurde bei Anfangskonzentrationen von 536,5-889,5 mg/l nach 41-59 Stunden und mittleren Abbauraten von 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1 durch die Batch-Kulturen bis unter die Nachweisgrenze abgebaut. Nach erfolgter Degradation hinterließen die Proben einen neutralen Geruchseindruck. Eine Akkumulation von Metabo-liten oder Endprodukten konnte gaschromatographisch nicht nachgewiesen werden, was auf einen vollstĂ€ndigen Limonenabbau hindeutet. Substratkonzentrationen von > 4042 mg/l fĂŒhrten dagegen zu einer Inhibierung des Limonenabbaus und zu einer Stagnation des Wachstums bzw. zum Absterben der Bakterien in den SchĂŒttelkulturen. Die mikrobiologische Grobcharakterisierung fĂŒhrte zur Isolierung von insgesamt 44 Reinkulturen, die einzeln auf Limonenabbau getestet wurden. Es gelang, sechs Bakterien-stĂ€mme zu isolieren, die in der Lage waren, Limonen ohne Akkumulation geruchsintensiver IntermediĂ€rverbindungen abzubauen. Mittels physiologisch-biochemischer sowie chemotaxo-nomischer Untersuchungen wurden die Bakterienisolate vorbehaltlich der Nachfolgeunter-suchungen der Gattung Pseudomonas zugeordnet. Die molekularbiologische Untersuchung mittels Proteingel-Elektrophorese ergab durch Vergleich einzelner Proteinbanden im Gesamt-zellproteinmuster der Isolate untereinander sowie mit ReferenzstĂ€mmen die IdentitĂ€t der Isolate L1,2, L2,4 und L4,10. Isolat L2,6 wies deutliche Unterschiede im Proteinbandenprofil gegenĂŒber den ĂŒbrigen Isolaten und ReferenzstĂ€mmen auf und wurde zum Vergleich der Isolate L3,6 und L3,8 zu einer 16S rRNA Teilsequenzanalyse herangezogen. Die vollstĂ€ndige Sequenzanalyse des Isolates L3,6 fĂŒhrte zu einer IdentitĂ€t von 97 % mit P. alcaligenes. Hier muß davon ausgegangen werden, daß es sich um eine neue bisher nicht beschriebene Spezies der Gattung Pseudomonas handelt. Isolat L2,6 zeigte in der Teilsequenzanalyse eine Über-einstimmung von 96 % mit P. mendocina, was fĂŒr die Zugehörigkeit zu einem neuen Genus spricht. Der Vergleich der Teilsequenzen von Isolat L3,8 mit denen bekannter Spezies ergab eine IdentitĂ€t von 98 % mit Pseudomonas sp. B13. Die endgĂŒltige taxonomische Einordnung ist allerdings erst nach einem Sequenzvergleich durch DNA-DNA-Hybridisierungen mit bisher sequenzierten Spezies möglich. Die Limonen-abbauenden BakterienstĂ€mme L2,6, L3,6 und L3,8 reprĂ€sentieren daher eindeutig verschiedene Spezies, die vorlĂ€ufig dem Genus Pseudomonas zugeordnet wurden. Die Wirksamkeit der Strategie, den Limonenabbau im Biofilter durch den Einsatz einer leistungsfĂ€higen Anreicherungskultur (Mix der vier Anreicherungskulturen) zu verbessern, wurde im ÜberfĂŒhrungsversuch in zwei parallel laufenden Modellbiofiltern gaschromato-graphisch untersucht. Aus dem inokulierten Biofilter wurden Wirkungsgrade bis zu 100 % nach 67 Tagen Laufzeit bei kaum geĂ€nderter Gesamtkeimzahl ermittelt. Auch nach Einstellung der Beimpfung betrug die Konzentrationsminderung fĂŒr Limonen bis zu 89 %. Die Einlaufphase des inokulierten Biofilters konnte gegenĂŒber einem konventionellen Biofilter um 46 Tage auf 35 Tage wirksam verkĂŒrzt werden. Eine mikrobiologische Charakterisierung der aus zwei Biofiltern isolierten Bakterienkulturen ergab nicht die erwar-teten Unterschiede hinsichtlich der mikrobiologischen Besiedelung des Filtermaterials beider Biofilter. Die Wirksamkeit der Inokulationskulturen im Biofilter ließ sich gaschroma-tographisch und olfaktometrisch anhand der eliminierten Limonen- oder Geruchsstoffkon-zentrationen eindeutig nachweisen. Die Unterschiede in den Abbauleistungen beider Biofilter widerspiegeln sich folglich nicht deutlich in den taxonomischen Merkmalen der Bakterien-biozönosen. Vielmehr ist die mit der Ausbildung spezieller Enzymsysteme verbundene physiologische Adaptation verschiedenster Bakterienspezies entscheidend, um eine Opti-mierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern zu erreichen.This study aimed to investigate the opportunities for the intensification of the microbial biodegradation of the odourous compound limonene by biofiltration as a biological waste gas treatment technology. Limonen represents a considerable odourous component during the intensive composting process of organic waste materials and its elemination capacity by using the biological waste gas treatment facilities is so far insufficient. This results to a molestation of the staff of composting facilities and adjacent residential areas by odours. The improvement of the hygienic status of the composting process connected with the increase of their social acceptance requires a biofilter system which is to be optimized regarding the biodegradation of limonene. The reliability of such biological deodorizing methods depends on the adjustment and optimisation of technological parameter as well as on the biological activity of limonene metabolizing microorganism microbiota in the carrier material. Though a wide range of limonene utilizing microorganisms are known, but the described bioconversion processes deal with mainly incomplete mineralization of these odourous compound resulting again in an accumulation of further volatile odourous substances. In this study four mixed bacterial population were successfully obtained from organic material samples (fir cone, fir needles, fir bark; coniferous forest soil; parings from citrus fruits; bio waste) by a simple enrichment technique (semicontinuous fed-batch principle) using limonene as the sole carbon and energy source, accompanied by microbial growth and mineralization. In consideration of the degradation kinetics of limonene all of the batch-cultures have shown high similarity. By initial concentrations of 536,5-889,5 mg/l after 41-59 hours and middle degradation rates of 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1limonene was degraded by bacterial cultures under the detection limit and samples have had a more neutral odourous impression. An accumulation of metabolites and other final products couldn''t be detected by gaschromatography and this indicates a complete limonene bioconversion. Substrate concentrations greater than 4042 mg/l inhibited outright the biodegradation of this odourous compound as well as the growth of these bacteria and entailed finally to a toxic effect of the cells. Through microbial characterization 44 aerobic pure strains were isolated which were individually tested on limonene degradation. The isolation of six bacteria strains that were capable of limonene degradation without accumulation of other intermediate odourous compounds were achieved. Physiological, biochemical as well as chemotaxonomic characterization tests assigned the bacterial isolates subject to additional tests to the genus Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic investigation by using polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis revealed through comparison of the several protein bands in the whole protein pattern of the isolates with each other as well as with reference strains the identity of the isolates L1,2, L2,4 and L4,10. The isolate L2,6 showed clear differences in the protein pattern to the other isolates and reference strains and was taken with regard to a comparison of the isolates L3,6 and L3,8 to a partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The complete 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L3,6 led to an identity of 97 % with P. alcaligenes. It has to be assumed here that the isolate is different from species previously described and represents a new species of the genus Pseudomonas. Partial 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L2,6 showed a similarity of 96 % between the isolate and P. mendocina and indicate that this isolate is a member of a new genus. Partial 16S rRNA sequence comparison of the isolate L3,8 with corresponding fragments from reference strains listed in the data bank of nucleotides resulted in a similarity of 97 % with Pseudomonas sp. B13. For the definitive taxonomic arrangement of these isolates DNA-DNA hybridization with related species are required. The limonene degrading isolates represent clearly different species provisionaly allocated to the genus Pseudomonas. The effectiveness of the strategy to enhance the removal capacity for limonene with an efficient enrichment culture (mix of the four batch cultures) was tested in two parallel running biofilters (one inoculated and one biofilter without inoculation) and the degradation of limonene was followed. Chemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the inoculated biofilter an efficiency up to 100 % was determined after 67 days running time and the total cell count altered scarcely. Also after a discontinue of the inoculation the elimination capacity for limonene amounted up to 89 %. The adaption time of the inoculated biofilter was successfully reduced from 81 to 35 days compared to a conventional biofilter. A microbial characterization of the isolated bacterial cultures from biofilters did''nt show the expected differences concerning the microbial composition of the carrier material of both biofilters. The activity of the enrichment cultures could be clearly proved by gaschromatography and olfactometry by means of the eliminated limonene concentrations. Therefore the differences of the elimination capacity of both biofilters didn''t clearly appear in the taxonomic characteristics of the bacterial microbiota. Decisive is rather the physiological adaption of various bacterial species by formation of special enzyme systems to achieve an optimisation of the microbial degradation of limonene in biofilters

    More terminological clarity in the interprofessional field - a call for reflection on the use of terminologies, in both practice and research, on a national and international level

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    The terminology which has been used up until now within interprofessional healthcare has been characterised by a certain definitional weakness, which, among other factors, has been caused by an uncritical adoption of language conventions and a lack of theoretical reflection. However, as terminological clarity plays a significant role in the development and profiling of a discipline, the clarification and definition of commonly-used terminology has manifested itself as a considerable objective for the interprofessional research community. One of the most important journals for research in the area of interprofessional education and care, the Journal of Interprofessional Care, has expanded its author guidelines relating to terminology, modeled after the conceptual considerations of the research group around Barr et. al and Reeves et al. A German translation of the suggested terms therein has been presented in this contribution, and discussed in light of the challenges to a possible adaptation for the German-speaking world. The objective is to assist communication in practice and research in becoming clearer, while promoting an increasing awareness to and the transparency of determined definitions and terminologies

    Development of individual competencies and team performance in interprofessional ward rounds: results of a study with multimodal observations at the Heidelberg Interprofessional Training Ward.

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    INTRODUCTION Interprofessional training wards (IPTW) aim to improve undergraduates' interprofessional collaborative practice of care. Little is known about the effects of the different team tasks on IPTW as measured by external assessment. In Heidelberg, Germany, four nursing and four medical undergraduates (= one cohort) care for up to six patients undergoing general surgery during a four-week placement. They learn both professionally and interprofessionally, working largely on their own responsibility under the supervision of the medical and nursing learning facilitators. Interprofessional ward rounds are a central component of developing individual competencies and team performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate individual competencies and team performance shown in ward rounds. METHODS Observations took place in four cohorts of four nursing and four medical undergraduates each. Undergraduates in one cohort were divided into two teams, which rotated in morning and afternoon shifts. Team 1 was on morning shift during the first (t0) and third (t1) weeks of the IPTW placement, and Team 2 was on morning shift during the second (t0) and fourth (t1) weeks. Within each team, a tandem of one nursing and one medical undergraduate cared for a patient room with three patients. Ward round observations took place with each team and tandem at t0 and t1 using the IP-VITA instrument for individual competencies (16 items) and team performance (11 items). Four hypotheses were formulated for statistical testing with linear mixed models and correlations. RESULTS A total of 16 nursing and medical undergraduates each were included. There were significant changes in mean values between t0 and t1 in individual competencies (Hypothesis 1). They were statistically significant for all three sum scores: "Roles and Responsibilities", Patient-Centeredness", and "Leadership". In terms of team performance (Hypothesis 2), there was a statistically significant change in mean values in the sum score "Roles and Responsibilities" and positive trends in the sum scores "Patient-Centeredness" and "Decision-Making/Collaborative Clinical Reasoning". Analysis of differences in the development of individual competencies in the groups of nursing and medical undergraduates (Hypothesis 3) showed more significant differences in the mean values of the two groups in t0 than in t1. There were significant correlations between individual competencies and team performance at both t0 and t1 (Hypothesis 4). DISCUSSION The study has limitations due to the small sample and some sources of bias related to the external assessment by means of observation. Nevertheless, this study offers insights into interprofessional tasks on the IPTW from an external assessment. Results from quantitative and qualitative analysis of learners self-assessment are confirmed in terms of roles and responsibilities and patient-centeredness. It has been observed that medical undergraduates acquired and applied skills in collaborative clinic reasoning and decision-making, whereas nursing undergraduates acquired leadership skills. Within the study sample, only a small group of tandems remained constant over time. In team performance, the group of constant tandems tended to perform better than the group of random tandems. The aim of IPTW should be to prepare healthcare team members for the challenge of changing teams. Therefore, implications for IPTW implementation could be to develop learning support approaches that allow medical and nursing undergraduates to bring interprofessional competencies to team performance, independent of the tandem partner or team

    The impact of an interprofessional training ward on the development of interprofessional competencies: study protocol of a longitudinal mixed-methods study

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    Background: To meet the patients’ needs and to provide adequate health care, students need to be prepared for interprofessional collaborative practice during their undergraduate education. On interprofessional training wards (IPTW) undergraduates of various health care professions potentially develop a mutual understanding and improve their interprofessional competencies in clinical practice. To enhance collaboration of 6th-year medical students and nursing trainees in the third year of their vocational training an IPTW (Heidelberger Interprofessionelle Ausbildungsstation – HIPSTA) was implemented at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany. On HIPSTA future physicians and nurses take care of the patients self responsibly and in close interprofessional collaboration, supervised by facilitators of both professions. Although there are positive experiences with IPTWs internationally, little is known about the impact of IPTW on the acquisition of interprofessional competencies. For future interprofessional training and implementation of IPTWs evaluation of interprofessional learning and collaborative practice on Germany’s first IPTW is of high relevance. Methods: To evaluate the acquisition of interprofessional competencies the study follows a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data is collected from undergraduate participants, staff participants and facilitators on HIPSTA (intervention group) and undergraduate participants and staff participants on a comparable ‘conventional’ ward without special interprofessional training (comparison group) immediately pre and post HIPSTA and, as follow-up, after three to six months (T0, T1, T2), using three questionnaires, namely the University of the West of England Interprofessional Questionnaire (UWE-IP), the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS) and the Assessment of Interprofessional Team Collaboration Scale (AITCS). Qualitative data is gathered in form of interviews and focus groups based on semi structured guidelines, video recordings of handovers and overt non-participant observations of daily rounds. Quantitative data will be analysed in a longitudinal comparison, presented descriptively and tested with an analysis of variance. Qualitative data will be analysed deductively and inductively. Discussion: The results of the evaluation will give insight in undergraduates’, staff’s and facilitators’ experiences and their self-perception of competency development. In addition the results will help identify benefits, challenges and areas for modification when implementing and establishing similar interprofessional training wards

    Attitudes on the donation of human embryos for stem cell research among Chinese IVF patients and students

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    Bioethical debates on the use of human embryos and oocytes for stem cell research have often been criticized for the lack of empirical insights into the perceptions and experiences of the women and couples who are asked to donate these tissues in the IVF clinic. Empirical studies that have investigated the attitudes of IVF patients and citizens on the (potential) donation of their embryos and oocytes have been scarce and have focused predominantly on the situation in Europe and Australia. This article examines the viewpoints on the donation of embryos for stem cell research among IVF patients and students in China. Research into the perceptions of patients is based on in-depth interviews with IVF patients and IVF clinicians. Research into the attitudes of students is based on a quantitative survey study (n=427). The empirical findings in this paper indicate that perceptions of the donation of human embryos for stem cell research in China are far more diverse and complex than has commonly been suggested. Claims that ethical concerns regarding the donation and use of embryos and oocytes for stem cell research are typical for Western societies but absent in China cannot be upheld. The article shows that research into the situated perceptions and cultural specificities of human tissue donation can play a crucial role in the deconstruction of politicized bioethical argumentation and the (often ill-informed) assumptions about “others” that underlie socio-ethical debates on the moral dilemmas of technology developments in the life sciences

    Die Optimierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern

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    Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war die Untersuchung von Möglichkeiten zur Intensivierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus des Geruchsstoffes Limonen unter Anwendung des Biofilter-verfahrens. Limonen stellt eine wesentliche Geruchskomponente bei der Intensivrotte der Bioabfallkompostierung dar und wird bisher in biologischen Abluftreinigungsanlagen oft nur unzureichend eliminiert. Dies fĂŒhrt zu einer GeruchsbelĂ€stigung des Personals und an-grenzender Wohngebiete. Die Verbesserung des hygienischen Status der Bioabfallkom-postierung und eine damit verbundene Steigerung ihrer gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz erfordert daher ein Biofilterverfahren, das hinsichtlich des Limonenabbaus optimiert wird. Die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit von Biofiltern ist neben der Einstellung und Optimierung technischer Parameter auch von der biologischen AktivitĂ€t der im Strukturmaterial vorhandenen Mikro-organismenbiozönose abhĂ€ngig. Viele zum mikrobiellen Abbau von Limonen befĂ€higte Mikroorganismen sind zwar bekannt, doch handelt es sich bei den beschriebenen Abbau-mechanismen hauptsĂ€chlich um eine unvollstĂ€ndige Mineralisierung dieses Geruchsstoffes, die zu einer Anreicherung wiederum geruchsbelasteter Verbindungen fĂŒhrt. In dieser Arbeit wurden aus Umweltproben (Fichtenzapfen, -nadeln, -rinde; Waldboden; Schalen von ZitrusfrĂŒchten; Bioabfall) vier bakterielle Mischpopulationen, die zur Ver-wertung von Limonen als einzige Energie- und Kohlenstoffquelle in der Lage sind und durch Wachstum auf diesem Substrat Biomasse bilden, in SchĂŒttelkultur durch Metabolisierung von Limonen erfolgreich angereichert. Hinsichtlich ihrer Abbaukinetik fĂŒr Limonen wiesen alle Batch-Kulturen eine starke Ähnlichkeit auf. Limonen wurde bei Anfangskonzentrationen von 536,5-889,5 mg/l nach 41-59 Stunden und mittleren Abbauraten von 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1 durch die Batch-Kulturen bis unter die Nachweisgrenze abgebaut. Nach erfolgter Degradation hinterließen die Proben einen neutralen Geruchseindruck. Eine Akkumulation von Metabo-liten oder Endprodukten konnte gaschromatographisch nicht nachgewiesen werden, was auf einen vollstĂ€ndigen Limonenabbau hindeutet. Substratkonzentrationen von > 4042 mg/l fĂŒhrten dagegen zu einer Inhibierung des Limonenabbaus und zu einer Stagnation des Wachstums bzw. zum Absterben der Bakterien in den SchĂŒttelkulturen. Die mikrobiologische Grobcharakterisierung fĂŒhrte zur Isolierung von insgesamt 44 Reinkulturen, die einzeln auf Limonenabbau getestet wurden. Es gelang, sechs Bakterien-stĂ€mme zu isolieren, die in der Lage waren, Limonen ohne Akkumulation geruchsintensiver IntermediĂ€rverbindungen abzubauen. Mittels physiologisch-biochemischer sowie chemotaxo-nomischer Untersuchungen wurden die Bakterienisolate vorbehaltlich der Nachfolgeunter-suchungen der Gattung Pseudomonas zugeordnet. Die molekularbiologische Untersuchung mittels Proteingel-Elektrophorese ergab durch Vergleich einzelner Proteinbanden im Gesamt-zellproteinmuster der Isolate untereinander sowie mit ReferenzstĂ€mmen die IdentitĂ€t der Isolate L1,2, L2,4 und L4,10. Isolat L2,6 wies deutliche Unterschiede im Proteinbandenprofil gegenĂŒber den ĂŒbrigen Isolaten und ReferenzstĂ€mmen auf und wurde zum Vergleich der Isolate L3,6 und L3,8 zu einer 16S rRNA Teilsequenzanalyse herangezogen. Die vollstĂ€ndige Sequenzanalyse des Isolates L3,6 fĂŒhrte zu einer IdentitĂ€t von 97 % mit P. alcaligenes. Hier muß davon ausgegangen werden, daß es sich um eine neue bisher nicht beschriebene Spezies der Gattung Pseudomonas handelt. Isolat L2,6 zeigte in der Teilsequenzanalyse eine Über-einstimmung von 96 % mit P. mendocina, was fĂŒr die Zugehörigkeit zu einem neuen Genus spricht. Der Vergleich der Teilsequenzen von Isolat L3,8 mit denen bekannter Spezies ergab eine IdentitĂ€t von 98 % mit Pseudomonas sp. B13. Die endgĂŒltige taxonomische Einordnung ist allerdings erst nach einem Sequenzvergleich durch DNA-DNA-Hybridisierungen mit bisher sequenzierten Spezies möglich. Die Limonen-abbauenden BakterienstĂ€mme L2,6, L3,6 und L3,8 reprĂ€sentieren daher eindeutig verschiedene Spezies, die vorlĂ€ufig dem Genus Pseudomonas zugeordnet wurden. Die Wirksamkeit der Strategie, den Limonenabbau im Biofilter durch den Einsatz einer leistungsfĂ€higen Anreicherungskultur (Mix der vier Anreicherungskulturen) zu verbessern, wurde im ÜberfĂŒhrungsversuch in zwei parallel laufenden Modellbiofiltern gaschromato-graphisch untersucht. Aus dem inokulierten Biofilter wurden Wirkungsgrade bis zu 100 % nach 67 Tagen Laufzeit bei kaum geĂ€nderter Gesamtkeimzahl ermittelt. Auch nach Einstellung der Beimpfung betrug die Konzentrationsminderung fĂŒr Limonen bis zu 89 %. Die Einlaufphase des inokulierten Biofilters konnte gegenĂŒber einem konventionellen Biofilter um 46 Tage auf 35 Tage wirksam verkĂŒrzt werden. Eine mikrobiologische Charakterisierung der aus zwei Biofiltern isolierten Bakterienkulturen ergab nicht die erwar-teten Unterschiede hinsichtlich der mikrobiologischen Besiedelung des Filtermaterials beider Biofilter. Die Wirksamkeit der Inokulationskulturen im Biofilter ließ sich gaschroma-tographisch und olfaktometrisch anhand der eliminierten Limonen- oder Geruchsstoffkon-zentrationen eindeutig nachweisen. Die Unterschiede in den Abbauleistungen beider Biofilter widerspiegeln sich folglich nicht deutlich in den taxonomischen Merkmalen der Bakterien-biozönosen. Vielmehr ist die mit der Ausbildung spezieller Enzymsysteme verbundene physiologische Adaptation verschiedenster Bakterienspezies entscheidend, um eine Opti-mierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern zu erreichen.This study aimed to investigate the opportunities for the intensification of the microbial biodegradation of the odourous compound limonene by biofiltration as a biological waste gas treatment technology. Limonen represents a considerable odourous component during the intensive composting process of organic waste materials and its elemination capacity by using the biological waste gas treatment facilities is so far insufficient. This results to a molestation of the staff of composting facilities and adjacent residential areas by odours. The improvement of the hygienic status of the composting process connected with the increase of their social acceptance requires a biofilter system which is to be optimized regarding the biodegradation of limonene. The reliability of such biological deodorizing methods depends on the adjustment and optimisation of technological parameter as well as on the biological activity of limonene metabolizing microorganism microbiota in the carrier material. Though a wide range of limonene utilizing microorganisms are known, but the described bioconversion processes deal with mainly incomplete mineralization of these odourous compound resulting again in an accumulation of further volatile odourous substances. In this study four mixed bacterial population were successfully obtained from organic material samples (fir cone, fir needles, fir bark; coniferous forest soil; parings from citrus fruits; bio waste) by a simple enrichment technique (semicontinuous fed-batch principle) using limonene as the sole carbon and energy source, accompanied by microbial growth and mineralization. In consideration of the degradation kinetics of limonene all of the batch-cultures have shown high similarity. By initial concentrations of 536,5-889,5 mg/l after 41-59 hours and middle degradation rates of 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1limonene was degraded by bacterial cultures under the detection limit and samples have had a more neutral odourous impression. An accumulation of metabolites and other final products couldn''t be detected by gaschromatography and this indicates a complete limonene bioconversion. Substrate concentrations greater than 4042 mg/l inhibited outright the biodegradation of this odourous compound as well as the growth of these bacteria and entailed finally to a toxic effect of the cells. Through microbial characterization 44 aerobic pure strains were isolated which were individually tested on limonene degradation. The isolation of six bacteria strains that were capable of limonene degradation without accumulation of other intermediate odourous compounds were achieved. Physiological, biochemical as well as chemotaxonomic characterization tests assigned the bacterial isolates subject to additional tests to the genus Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic investigation by using polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis revealed through comparison of the several protein bands in the whole protein pattern of the isolates with each other as well as with reference strains the identity of the isolates L1,2, L2,4 and L4,10. The isolate L2,6 showed clear differences in the protein pattern to the other isolates and reference strains and was taken with regard to a comparison of the isolates L3,6 and L3,8 to a partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The complete 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L3,6 led to an identity of 97 % with P. alcaligenes. It has to be assumed here that the isolate is different from species previously described and represents a new species of the genus Pseudomonas. Partial 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L2,6 showed a similarity of 96 % between the isolate and P. mendocina and indicate that this isolate is a member of a new genus. Partial 16S rRNA sequence comparison of the isolate L3,8 with corresponding fragments from reference strains listed in the data bank of nucleotides resulted in a similarity of 97 % with Pseudomonas sp. B13. For the definitive taxonomic arrangement of these isolates DNA-DNA hybridization with related species are required. The limonene degrading isolates represent clearly different species provisionaly allocated to the genus Pseudomonas. The effectiveness of the strategy to enhance the removal capacity for limonene with an efficient enrichment culture (mix of the four batch cultures) was tested in two parallel running biofilters (one inoculated and one biofilter without inoculation) and the degradation of limonene was followed. Chemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the inoculated biofilter an efficiency up to 100 % was determined after 67 days running time and the total cell count altered scarcely. Also after a discontinue of the inoculation the elimination capacity for limonene amounted up to 89 %. The adaption time of the inoculated biofilter was successfully reduced from 81 to 35 days compared to a conventional biofilter. A microbial characterization of the isolated bacterial cultures from biofilters did''nt show the expected differences concerning the microbial composition of the carrier material of both biofilters. The activity of the enrichment cultures could be clearly proved by gaschromatography and olfactometry by means of the eliminated limonene concentrations. Therefore the differences of the elimination capacity of both biofilters didn''t clearly appear in the taxonomic characteristics of the bacterial microbiota. Decisive is rather the physiological adaption of various bacterial species by formation of special enzyme systems to achieve an optimisation of the microbial degradation of limonene in biofilters

    Die Optimierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern

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    Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens war die Untersuchung von Möglichkeiten zur Intensivierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus des Geruchsstoffes Limonen unter Anwendung des Biofilter-verfahrens. Limonen stellt eine wesentliche Geruchskomponente bei der Intensivrotte der Bioabfallkompostierung dar und wird bisher in biologischen Abluftreinigungsanlagen oft nur unzureichend eliminiert. Dies fĂŒhrt zu einer GeruchsbelĂ€stigung des Personals und an-grenzender Wohngebiete. Die Verbesserung des hygienischen Status der Bioabfallkom-postierung und eine damit verbundene Steigerung ihrer gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz erfordert daher ein Biofilterverfahren, das hinsichtlich des Limonenabbaus optimiert wird. Die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit von Biofiltern ist neben der Einstellung und Optimierung technischer Parameter auch von der biologischen AktivitĂ€t der im Strukturmaterial vorhandenen Mikro-organismenbiozönose abhĂ€ngig. Viele zum mikrobiellen Abbau von Limonen befĂ€higte Mikroorganismen sind zwar bekannt, doch handelt es sich bei den beschriebenen Abbau-mechanismen hauptsĂ€chlich um eine unvollstĂ€ndige Mineralisierung dieses Geruchsstoffes, die zu einer Anreicherung wiederum geruchsbelasteter Verbindungen fĂŒhrt. In dieser Arbeit wurden aus Umweltproben (Fichtenzapfen, -nadeln, -rinde; Waldboden; Schalen von ZitrusfrĂŒchten; Bioabfall) vier bakterielle Mischpopulationen, die zur Ver-wertung von Limonen als einzige Energie- und Kohlenstoffquelle in der Lage sind und durch Wachstum auf diesem Substrat Biomasse bilden, in SchĂŒttelkultur durch Metabolisierung von Limonen erfolgreich angereichert. Hinsichtlich ihrer Abbaukinetik fĂŒr Limonen wiesen alle Batch-Kulturen eine starke Ähnlichkeit auf. Limonen wurde bei Anfangskonzentrationen von 536,5-889,5 mg/l nach 41-59 Stunden und mittleren Abbauraten von 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1 durch die Batch-Kulturen bis unter die Nachweisgrenze abgebaut. Nach erfolgter Degradation hinterließen die Proben einen neutralen Geruchseindruck. Eine Akkumulation von Metabo-liten oder Endprodukten konnte gaschromatographisch nicht nachgewiesen werden, was auf einen vollstĂ€ndigen Limonenabbau hindeutet. Substratkonzentrationen von > 4042 mg/l fĂŒhrten dagegen zu einer Inhibierung des Limonenabbaus und zu einer Stagnation des Wachstums bzw. zum Absterben der Bakterien in den SchĂŒttelkulturen. Die mikrobiologische Grobcharakterisierung fĂŒhrte zur Isolierung von insgesamt 44 Reinkulturen, die einzeln auf Limonenabbau getestet wurden. Es gelang, sechs Bakterien-stĂ€mme zu isolieren, die in der Lage waren, Limonen ohne Akkumulation geruchsintensiver IntermediĂ€rverbindungen abzubauen. Mittels physiologisch-biochemischer sowie chemotaxo-nomischer Untersuchungen wurden die Bakterienisolate vorbehaltlich der Nachfolgeunter-suchungen der Gattung Pseudomonas zugeordnet. Die molekularbiologische Untersuchung mittels Proteingel-Elektrophorese ergab durch Vergleich einzelner Proteinbanden im Gesamt-zellproteinmuster der Isolate untereinander sowie mit ReferenzstĂ€mmen die IdentitĂ€t der Isolate L1,2, L2,4 und L4,10. Isolat L2,6 wies deutliche Unterschiede im Proteinbandenprofil gegenĂŒber den ĂŒbrigen Isolaten und ReferenzstĂ€mmen auf und wurde zum Vergleich der Isolate L3,6 und L3,8 zu einer 16S rRNA Teilsequenzanalyse herangezogen. Die vollstĂ€ndige Sequenzanalyse des Isolates L3,6 fĂŒhrte zu einer IdentitĂ€t von 97 % mit P. alcaligenes. Hier muß davon ausgegangen werden, daß es sich um eine neue bisher nicht beschriebene Spezies der Gattung Pseudomonas handelt. Isolat L2,6 zeigte in der Teilsequenzanalyse eine Über-einstimmung von 96 % mit P. mendocina, was fĂŒr die Zugehörigkeit zu einem neuen Genus spricht. Der Vergleich der Teilsequenzen von Isolat L3,8 mit denen bekannter Spezies ergab eine IdentitĂ€t von 98 % mit Pseudomonas sp. B13. Die endgĂŒltige taxonomische Einordnung ist allerdings erst nach einem Sequenzvergleich durch DNA-DNA-Hybridisierungen mit bisher sequenzierten Spezies möglich. Die Limonen-abbauenden BakterienstĂ€mme L2,6, L3,6 und L3,8 reprĂ€sentieren daher eindeutig verschiedene Spezies, die vorlĂ€ufig dem Genus Pseudomonas zugeordnet wurden. Die Wirksamkeit der Strategie, den Limonenabbau im Biofilter durch den Einsatz einer leistungsfĂ€higen Anreicherungskultur (Mix der vier Anreicherungskulturen) zu verbessern, wurde im ÜberfĂŒhrungsversuch in zwei parallel laufenden Modellbiofiltern gaschromato-graphisch untersucht. Aus dem inokulierten Biofilter wurden Wirkungsgrade bis zu 100 % nach 67 Tagen Laufzeit bei kaum geĂ€nderter Gesamtkeimzahl ermittelt. Auch nach Einstellung der Beimpfung betrug die Konzentrationsminderung fĂŒr Limonen bis zu 89 %. Die Einlaufphase des inokulierten Biofilters konnte gegenĂŒber einem konventionellen Biofilter um 46 Tage auf 35 Tage wirksam verkĂŒrzt werden. Eine mikrobiologische Charakterisierung der aus zwei Biofiltern isolierten Bakterienkulturen ergab nicht die erwar-teten Unterschiede hinsichtlich der mikrobiologischen Besiedelung des Filtermaterials beider Biofilter. Die Wirksamkeit der Inokulationskulturen im Biofilter ließ sich gaschroma-tographisch und olfaktometrisch anhand der eliminierten Limonen- oder Geruchsstoffkon-zentrationen eindeutig nachweisen. Die Unterschiede in den Abbauleistungen beider Biofilter widerspiegeln sich folglich nicht deutlich in den taxonomischen Merkmalen der Bakterien-biozönosen. Vielmehr ist die mit der Ausbildung spezieller Enzymsysteme verbundene physiologische Adaptation verschiedenster Bakterienspezies entscheidend, um eine Opti-mierung des mikrobiellen Abbaus von Limonen in Biofiltern zu erreichen.This study aimed to investigate the opportunities for the intensification of the microbial biodegradation of the odourous compound limonene by biofiltration as a biological waste gas treatment technology. Limonen represents a considerable odourous component during the intensive composting process of organic waste materials and its elemination capacity by using the biological waste gas treatment facilities is so far insufficient. This results to a molestation of the staff of composting facilities and adjacent residential areas by odours. The improvement of the hygienic status of the composting process connected with the increase of their social acceptance requires a biofilter system which is to be optimized regarding the biodegradation of limonene. The reliability of such biological deodorizing methods depends on the adjustment and optimisation of technological parameter as well as on the biological activity of limonene metabolizing microorganism microbiota in the carrier material. Though a wide range of limonene utilizing microorganisms are known, but the described bioconversion processes deal with mainly incomplete mineralization of these odourous compound resulting again in an accumulation of further volatile odourous substances. In this study four mixed bacterial population were successfully obtained from organic material samples (fir cone, fir needles, fir bark; coniferous forest soil; parings from citrus fruits; bio waste) by a simple enrichment technique (semicontinuous fed-batch principle) using limonene as the sole carbon and energy source, accompanied by microbial growth and mineralization. In consideration of the degradation kinetics of limonene all of the batch-cultures have shown high similarity. By initial concentrations of 536,5-889,5 mg/l after 41-59 hours and middle degradation rates of 48,1-51,0 mgl-1h-1limonene was degraded by bacterial cultures under the detection limit and samples have had a more neutral odourous impression. An accumulation of metabolites and other final products couldn''t be detected by gaschromatography and this indicates a complete limonene bioconversion. Substrate concentrations greater than 4042 mg/l inhibited outright the biodegradation of this odourous compound as well as the growth of these bacteria and entailed finally to a toxic effect of the cells. Through microbial characterization 44 aerobic pure strains were isolated which were individually tested on limonene degradation. The isolation of six bacteria strains that were capable of limonene degradation without accumulation of other intermediate odourous compounds were achieved. Physiological, biochemical as well as chemotaxonomic characterization tests assigned the bacterial isolates subject to additional tests to the genus Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic investigation by using polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis revealed through comparison of the several protein bands in the whole protein pattern of the isolates with each other as well as with reference strains the identity of the isolates L1,2, L2,4 and L4,10. The isolate L2,6 showed clear differences in the protein pattern to the other isolates and reference strains and was taken with regard to a comparison of the isolates L3,6 and L3,8 to a partial 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The complete 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L3,6 led to an identity of 97 % with P. alcaligenes. It has to be assumed here that the isolate is different from species previously described and represents a new species of the genus Pseudomonas. Partial 16S rRNA analysis of the isolate L2,6 showed a similarity of 96 % between the isolate and P. mendocina and indicate that this isolate is a member of a new genus. Partial 16S rRNA sequence comparison of the isolate L3,8 with corresponding fragments from reference strains listed in the data bank of nucleotides resulted in a similarity of 97 % with Pseudomonas sp. B13. For the definitive taxonomic arrangement of these isolates DNA-DNA hybridization with related species are required. The limonene degrading isolates represent clearly different species provisionaly allocated to the genus Pseudomonas. The effectiveness of the strategy to enhance the removal capacity for limonene with an efficient enrichment culture (mix of the four batch cultures) was tested in two parallel running biofilters (one inoculated and one biofilter without inoculation) and the degradation of limonene was followed. Chemical analysis was carried out by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. From the inoculated biofilter an efficiency up to 100 % was determined after 67 days running time and the total cell count altered scarcely. Also after a discontinue of the inoculation the elimination capacity for limonene amounted up to 89 %. The adaption time of the inoculated biofilter was successfully reduced from 81 to 35 days compared to a conventional biofilter. A microbial characterization of the isolated bacterial cultures from biofilters did''nt show the expected differences concerning the microbial composition of the carrier material of both biofilters. The activity of the enrichment cultures could be clearly proved by gaschromatography and olfactometry by means of the eliminated limonene concentrations. Therefore the differences of the elimination capacity of both biofilters didn''t clearly appear in the taxonomic characteristics of the bacterial microbiota. Decisive is rather the physiological adaption of various bacterial species by formation of special enzyme systems to achieve an optimisation of the microbial degradation of limonene in biofilters
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