Der Kölner Kombilohn für den Niedriglohnsektor

Clemens Fuest, Andreas Peichl und Thilo Schaefer, Universität zu Köln, sowie Joachim Mitschke stellen in diesem Beitrag das von ihnen entwickelte Kombilohnmodell, den »Kölner-Kombilohn«, vor und berechnen Beschäftigungs- sowie Aufkommenswirkungen ihres Vorschlags, bei dem gering entlohnte, beschäftigte und ungekündigte Arbeitnehmer Anspruch auf eine steuerliche Lohngutschrift haben. Diese wird vom Finanzamt auf der Lohnsteuerkarte vermerkt und vom Arbeitgeber mit dem Lohn ausbezahlt.Niedriglohn, Lohnsubvention, Arbeitsangebot, Soziale Mindestsicherung, Deutschland

Wider die Arbeitslosigkeit der beruflich Geringqualifizierten: Entwurf eines Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor

Die Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit gehört zu den wichtigsten wirtschaftspolitischen Herausforderungen. Von dieser Arbeitslosigkeit sind gering qualifizierte Arbeitnehmer in besonderer Weise betroffen. Ziel des von uns entwickelnden Kombilohn-Verfahrens für den Niedriglohnsektor ist es, beruflich geringqualifizierten Arbeitnehmern den Arbeitsplatz zu erhalten und denjenigen, die bereits arbeitslos sind oder am Anfang ihres Berufslebens keine Arbeit finden, zu einem Arbeitsplatz im ersten, regulären Arbeitsmarkt zu verhelfen. Auf der Basis von Mikrosimulationsrechnungen quantifizieren wir die Effekte unterschiedlicher Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten unseres Reformvorschlags im Hinblick auf die Kosten-, Arbeitsangebots- und Verteilungswirkungen und zeigen, dass beschäftigungssteigernde Varianten unter bestimmten Bedingungen aufkommensneutral zu finanzieren sind. -- A low wage subsidy scheme against unemployment of low-skilled workers: The reduction of the high mass unemployment is on top of the political agenda in various countries. Especially low-skilled workers with low wages suffer from this mass unemployment. Therefore, we propose a basic income scheme / low wage subsidy scheme for low-skilled workers to help them find a new job or to keep their endangered job. Based on microsimulation calculations we estimate the fiscal, labour supply and distributional effects of different reform scenarios. Furthermore, we show that employment enhancing scenarios can be financed in a revenue-neutral way under certain conditions.

A model-driven traceability framework for software product lines

International audienceSoftware product line (SPL) engineering is a recent approach to software development where a set of software products are derived for a well defined target application domain, from a common set of core assets using analogous means of production (for instance, through Model Driven Engineering). Therefore, such family of products are built from reuse, instead of developed individually from scratch. SPL promise to lower the costs of development, increase the quality of software, give clients more flexibility and reduce time to market. These benefits come with a set of new problems and turn some older problems possibly more complex. One of these problems is traceability management. In the Europe an AMPLE project we are creating a common traceability framework across the various activities of the SPL development. We identified four orthogonal traceability dimensions in SPL development, one of which is an extension of what is often considered as "traceability of variability". This constitutes one of the two contributions of this paper. The second contribution is the specification of a metamodel for a repository of traceability links in the context of SPL and the implementation of a respective traceability framework. This framework enables fundamental traceability management operations, such as trace import and export, modification, query and visualization. The power of our framework is highlighted with an example scenari

Conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience to authority

Definitions of obedience require the experience of conflict in response to an authority’s demands. Nevertheless, we know little about this conflict and its resolution. Two experiments tested the suitability of the ‘object-destruction paradigm’ for the study of conflict in obedience. An experimenter instructed participants to shred bugs (among other objects) in a manipulated coffee grinder. In contrast to the demand condition, participants in the control condition were reminded of their free choice. Both received several prods if they defied the experimenter. Results show that participants were more willing to kill bugs in the demand condition. Self-reported negative affect was increased after instructions to destroy bugs relative to other objects (Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 2, compliant participants additionally showed an increase in tonic skin conductance and, crucially, self-reported more agency and responsibility after alleged bug-destruction. These findings elucidate the conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience. Implications for prominent explanations (agentic shift, engaged followership) are discussed

Conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience to authority

Definitions of obedience require the experience of conflict in response to an authority’s demands. Nevertheless, we know little about this conflict and its resolution. Two experiments tested the suitability of the ‘object-destruction paradigm’ for the study of conflict in obedience. An experimenter instructed participants to shred bugs (among other objects) in a manipulated coffee grinder. In contrast to the demand condition, participants in the control condition were reminded of their free choice. Both received several prods if they defied the experimenter. Results show that participants were more willing to kill bugs in the demand condition. Self-reported negative affect was increased after instructions to destroy bugs relative to other objects (Experiments 1 and 2). In Experiment 2, compliant participants additionally showed an increase in tonic skin conductance and, crucially, self-reported more agency and responsibility after alleged bug-destruction. These findings elucidate the conflict experience and resolution underlying obedience. Implications for prominent explanations (agentic shift, engaged followership) are discussed

Modelling fatigue in manual and robot-assisted work for operator 5.0

Occupational Applications: Fatigue, and many other human performance factors, impact worker wellbeing, and thus production quality and efficiency. Adopting the Industry 5.0 perspective, we propose that integrating human performance models into wider industrial system models can improve modeling accuracy and lead to superior outcomes. Integrating our Worker Fatigue Model as part of their industrial system architect model allowed Airbus, a leading aircraft manufacturer, to more accurately predict system performance as a function of the workforce makeup, which could be a combination of human workers and robots, or a combination of highly experienced and less experienced workers. Our approach demonstrates the importance and value of including human performance models in trade studies for introducing robots on the shop floor, and can be used to include various aspects of human performance in industrial system models to address specific task requirements or different levels of automation. Technical Abstract: Rationale: The advent of Industry 5.0 places a heightened focus on enhancing worker wellbeing during the digital transformation of factories. System models that ignore human workers yield suboptimal results in product design and system improvement.Purpose: In the aircraft industry, worker workload is of primary concern as most tasks are performed manually, leading to general fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders. Robot assistance could improve quality, efficiency and relieve workers from fatigue. To demonstrate the feasibility and value of integrating human performance models in system design at Airbus, a Worker Fatigue Model was developed, focusing on the effects of (1) automation (manual vs semi-automated), and (2) workforce makeup (various ratios of high-skilled to low-skilled workers). Our ultimate goal was to inform the development of effective policies and strategies for human-technology integration in Industry 5.0.Methods: We developed the Worker Fatigue Model by adapting existing fatigue models for workers in industrial environments and by considering worker characteristics, tasks, and the presence or absence of robot-assistance. Two different scenarios were simulated (fully manual and semi-automated), with input variables such as worker skill, age, and motivation, and output variables including overall fatigue and error probabilities were evaluated. The Worker Fatigue Model was integrated into the Airbus system model to conduct trade studies based on workforce characteristics.Results: Our findings revealed that the composition of the workforce (i.e., various ratios of high-skilled to low-skilled workers), alongside specific manufacturing technologies, significantly reduced worker fatigue, especially with higher ratios of high-skilled workers, and improved overall industrial system performance.Conclusions: Although applying our Worker Fatigue Model effectively demonstrated the feasibility and value of integrating human factors into early industrial system design, it remains a work in progress. Future work will aim to accurately represent the workload of human workers, including operational costs, when implementing robot assistance

Recent Advances in Conjugated Polymers for Light Emitting Devices

A recent advance in the field of light emitting polymers has been the discovery of electroluminescent conjugated polymers, that is, kind of fluorescent polymers that emit light when excited by the flow of an electric current. These new generation fluorescent materials may now challenge the domination by inorganic semiconductor materials of the commercial market in light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes (LED) and polymer laser devices. This review provides information on unique properties of conjugated polymers and how they have been optimized to generate these properties. The review is organized in three sections focusing on the major advances in light emitting materials, recent literature survey and understanding the desirable properties as well as modern solid state lighting and displays. Recently, developed conjugated polymers are also functioning as roll-up displays for computers and mobile phones, flexible solar panels for power portable equipment as well as organic light emitting diodes in displays, in which television screens, luminous traffic, information signs, and light-emitting wallpaper in homes are also expected to broaden the use of conjugated polymers as light emitting polymers. The purpose of this review paper is to examine conjugated polymers in light emitting diodes (LEDs) in addition to organic solid state laser. Furthermore, since conjugated polymers have been approved as light-emitting organic materials similar to inorganic semiconductors, it is clear to motivate these organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and organic lasers for modern lighting in terms of energy saving ability. In addition, future aspects of conjugated polymers in LEDs were also highlighted in this review

MSL compatible isothermal furnace insert for high temperature shear-cell diusion experiments

For long-time diusion experiments shear-cell techniques oer more favourable terms than the traditional long capillary techniques. Here, we present a further developed shear-cell that enables the measurement of diusion coecients up to temperatures of 1600 C. Hence, diusion experiments can be carried out at temperatures not accessible until now by conventional capillary or shear-cell techniques. The modied shear-cell, which can contain up to six samples of a total length of 90mm and a diameter of 1.5 mm, is built of 30 shear discs of 3mm thickness each. It is operated in an isothermal furnace insert which can be accommodated in the Materials Science Laboratory of the International Space Station. This provides the opportunity that the shear-cell can be applied to microgravity and to ground-based experiments, respectively. The heater insert with an overall length of 518mm and a diameter of 210mm consists of four heating zones with a total power of 3.5 kW. Temperature homogeneity along the graphite sample compartment is better than 2K at 1600 C. Details of the new design are discussed and results of rst successfully performed heating and shearing cycles are presente