Why are there still so few men within Early Years in primary schools: views from male trainee teachers and male leaders?

One of the challenges facing the Early Years (EY) sector is how to encourage more male practitioners to counterbalance a largely feminised workforce. Using case studies of male trainees at different stages of their primary undergraduate Initial Teacher Training course at one university, we attempt to consider data why there is underrepresentation of men within the leadership strata in EY settings. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted with the male sample groups and male leaders in primary schools to gain an overview regarding gender stereotyping. Our findings suggest that male trainees enjoy working in the EY sector, but they need mentoring by strong leaders to help them overcome the perceived contextual barriers of male stereotypes in that setting. In conclusion, we consider some of these barriers of stereotypes, attitudes, values, beliefs existing and the actions needed in addressing such stereotypes if a long-lasting change is to happen

What does a globalized curriculum look like for diverse learners in primary schools?

Children in our classrooms today come from a wide variety of backgrounds, and some have English as an Additional Language (EAL). Haslam et al define such children as ‘learners whose preferred language/s are not English and therefore add it to their language/s’ (2005: 97). The words diversity and globalization have numerous and contested meanings. We begin this article by looking at the multiple ways in which the ideas these terms express are conceptualized, especially for primary school children with EAL. We then explore globalization as a concept to see how it links with diversity so that relevant knowledge is generated using ideas from empirical and methodological studies. Finally, we consider how primary school leaders can bring a global dimension into their curriculum

Reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizers of varying water-soluble phosphorus content in different Indian soils

Studies were undertaken on the isolation and identification of reaction products of ammonium nitrate phosphate (ANP) fertilizers containing 30, 50 and 70 per cent water-soluble phosphorus (WSP) of total phosphorus in representative soils of the vertisol, oxisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of India. ANP fertilizers were applied in solid form to soil, and reaction products formed at and around the site of ANP fertilizer placement were identified after six weeks incubation in moist soils by X-ray diffraction technique. DCPD (dicalcium phosphate dihydrate- CaHPO4 . 2H2O) was the major reaction product of ANP fertilizers containing 30 and 50 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, aridisol, mollisol, oxisol and alfisol, and of ANP containing 70 per cent WSP in vertisol, entisol, alfisol, aridisol and mollisol. DCP (dicalcium phosphate-CaHPO4) was detected with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP in the vertisol, alfisol, entisol, mollisol and aridisol groups of soils. In addition to DCPD, FePO4 . 2H2O (metastrengite) and AlPO4 . 2H2 O-monoclinic (metavariscite) were formed in alfisol and oxisol soils with ANP of 30 and 50 per cent WSP. FePO4 . 2H2O and AlPO4 . 2H2O (metavariscite) were identified in alfisol and oxisol soils while AlPO4 . 2H2O-orthorhombic (variscite) was formed in alfisol soils with ANP of 70 per cent WSP

Lower limb cellulitis: low diagnostic accuracy and underdiagnosis of risk factors

Accurate diagnosis and recognition of predisposing factors has been shown to be challenging in lower limb cellulitis. Assessment of 1746 consecutive cellulitis patients presenting to a UK university hospital showed increasing overdiagnosis with only 31.9% of referred patients with confirmed lower-limb cellulitis between 2015-2018. Recognition of at least one predisposing factor increased from 61% to 89% following introduction of more specific screening questions. This identified a need for better primary care dermatology education and the benefit of a proforma with specific screening questions for reversible predisposing factors for lower limb cellulitis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Whole Genome Interpretation for a Family of Five.

Although best practices have emerged on how to analyse and interpret personal genomes, the utility of whole genome screening remains underdeveloped. A large amount of information can be gathered from various types of analyses via whole genome sequencing including pathogenicity screening, genetic risk scoring, fitness, nutrition, and pharmacogenomic analysis. We recognize different levels of confidence when assessing the validity of genetic markers and apply rigorous standards for evaluation of phenotype associations. We illustrate the application of this approach on a family of five. By applying analyses of whole genomes from different methodological perspectives, we are able to build a more comprehensive picture to assist decision making in preventative healthcare and well-being management. Our interpretation and reporting outputs provide input for a clinician to develop a healthcare plan for the individual, based on genetic and other healthcare data

Jyotismati Taila and Ashtamangal Ghrita Nasya in the management of Mental Retardation - A Comparative Study

Mental retardation is still elusive to researchers due to multidimensionality of psychological, medical, educational and social aspects, which alters mental functions and capability. Mental sub capability divided in 4 categories, Mild, Moderate, Severe and Profound. Chief aim of management of mental retardation is to make child more capable of performing common activities of everyday life by positive improvement in mental sub-capability. Mental retardation required multidimensional management approach. Present study focused on medicinal intervention, particularly analysis of comparative effectiveness of selected drug formulations (Astamangalghrita and Jyotismatitaila) from classical text of Ayurveda. Study design with the aims to compare the effectiveness of Jyotismatitaila and Astamangal Ghrita Nasya on Mental retardation. Assessment were based on Mental Status Score and IQ score taken before starting of treatment and after completion of treatment in both group. Obtained data was analyzed statistically. In this study, from result we conclude that both drugs are effective to improve Mental Status parameter and in IQ, but higher percentage and significance wise Jyotismati Taila had better result than Astamangal Ghrita Nasya

A quantum probability account of individual differences in causal reasoning

We use quantum probability (QP) theory to investigate individual differences in causal reasoning. By analyzing data sets from Rehder (2014) on comparative judgments, and from Rehder & Waldmann (2016) on absolute judgments, we show that a QP model can both account for individual differences in causal judgments, and why these judgments sometimes violate the properties of causal Bayes nets. We implement this and previously proposed models of causal reasoning (including classical probability models) within the same hierarchical Bayesian inferential framework to provide a detailed comparison between these models, including computing Bayes factors. Analysis of the inferred parameters of the QP model illustrates how these can be interpreted in terms of putative cognitive mechanisms of causal reasoning. Additionally, we implement a latent classification mechanism that identifies subcategories of reasoners based on properties of the inferred cognitive process, rather than post hoc clustering. The QP model also provides a parsimonious explanation for aggregate behavior, which alternatively can only be explained by a mixture of multiple existing models. Investigating individual differences through the lens of a QP model reveals simple but strong alternatives to existing explanations for the dichotomies often observed in how people make causal inferences. These alternative explanations arise from the cognitive interpretation of the parameters and structure of the quantum probability model

Modelling the interactions of NO in a-SiO2

Nitric oxide (NO) is often used for the passivation of SiC/SiO2 metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices. Although it is established experimentally, using XPS, EELS, and SIMS measurements, that the 4H-SiC/SiO2 interface is extensively nitridated, the mechanisms of NO incorporation and diffusion in amorphous (a)-SiO2 films are still poorly understood. We used Density Functional Theory (DFT) to simulate the diffusion of NO through a-SiO2 and correlate local steric environment in amorphous network to interstitial NO (NOi) incorporation energy and migration barriers. Using an efficient sampling technique we identify the energy minima and transition states for neutral and negatively charged NOi molecules. Neutral NO interacts with the amorphous network only weakly with the smallest incorporation energies in bigger cages. On the other hand NOi -1 binds at the intrinsic precursor sites for electron trapping

Prognostic factors for chronic headache: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of prognosis and trial outcomes in prospective studies of people with chronic headache. METHODS: This was a systematic review of published literature in peer-reviewed journals. We included (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for chronic headache that reported subgroup analyses and (2) prospective cohort studies, published in English, since 1980. Participants included adults with chronic headache (including chronic headache, chronic migraine, and chronic tension-type headache with or without medication overuse headache). We searched key databases using free text and MeSH terms. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the methodologic quality of studies and overall quality of evidence identified using appropriate published checklists. RESULTS: We identified 16,556 titles, removed 663 duplicates, and reviewed 199 articles, of which 27 were included in the review-17 prospective cohorts and 10 RCTs with subgroup analyses reported. There was moderate-quality evidence indicating that depression, anxiety, poor sleep and stress, medication overuse, and poor self-efficacy for managing headaches are potential prognostic factors for poor prognosis and unfavorable outcomes from preventive treatment in chronic headache. There was inconclusive evidence about treatment expectations, age, age at onset, body mass index, employment, and several headache features. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified several potential predictors of poor prognosis and worse outcome postinterventions in people with chronic headache. The majority of these are modifiable. The findings also highlight the need for more longitudinal high-quality research of prognostic factors in chronic headache