Maahanmuuttopolitiikkaa, kehitystä ja työtä : Suomen hallituksen maahanmuuttopolitiikka työperusteisesta näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna suhteessa kehityspolitiikkaan vuosina 1980–2009 ja kehitysmaataustaisten maahanmuuttajien työllistyminen Suomessa

Only abstract. Paper copies of master’s theses are listed in the Helka database (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Electronic copies of master’s theses are either available as open access or only on thesis terminals in the Helsinki University Library.Vain tiivistelmä. Sidottujen gradujen saatavuuden voit tarkistaa Helka-tietokannasta (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Digitaaliset gradut voivat olla luettavissa avoimesti verkossa tai rajoitetusti kirjaston opinnäytekioskeilla.Endast sammandrag. Inbundna avhandlingar kan sökas i Helka-databasen (http://www.helsinki.fi/helka). Elektroniska kopior av avhandlingar finns antingen öppet på nätet eller endast tillgängliga i bibliotekets avhandlingsterminaler.Pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan Suomen hallituksen maahanmuuttopolitiikan muotoutumista työperusteisesta näkökulmasta suhteessa harjoitettuun kehityspolitiikkaan kolmen vuosikymmenen aikana vuodesta 1980 vuoteen 2009 asti. Tutkielman toinen joskin painoarvoltaan vähäisempi tutkimuskohde on kehitysmaataustaisten maahanmuuttajien työllistyminen Suomessa samalla aikavälillä. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on koota yhteen olemassa oleva aineisto edellä kuvatusta maahanmuutto- ja kehityspolitiikan välisestä kehityksestä 1980-2009 väliseltä ajalta ja näin tuoda mahdollisia uusia näkökulmia työperusteisesta maahanmuutosta käytävään diskurssiin. Tutkielman ensisijaisena metodina toimii laadullinen menetelmä, sisällönanalyysi, koska tutkielman pääasiallinen aineisto on kirjallisessa muodossa. Tutkielmassa käytetään erityisesti teoriasidonnaista analyysia. Tärkeimpinä lähteinä tutkielmassa toimivat Suomen hallituksen maahanmuuttopoliittiset ohjelmat, siirtolaisuusasiain neuvottelukunnan mietinnöt sekä Suomen hallituksen kehityspoliittiset linjaukset ja ohjelmat. Toisen merkittävän aineiston muodostavat Tilastokeskuksen StatFin -tilastopalvelusta saadut määrälliset tiedot Suomen muuttoliikkeestä ja väestörakenteesta. Lisäksi tutkielmassa on hyödynnetty Maahanmuuttoviraston ja Työvoimatoimiston tilastotietoja. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimii muuttoliikkeen järjestys -teoria. Aineiston analysoinnin perusteella voidaan todeta, että Suomeen suuntautuva työperusteinen muuttoliikkeen järjestys koki perustavanlaatuisen muutoksen 2000-luvun alussa. Muutosprosessi käynnistyi siirtymänä jo 1980-luvulla, kehittyen asteittain läpi 1990-luvun. Se ilmeni vasta vuosikymmen myöhemmin työllisyyden rakenteen muuttuessa suurten ikäluokkien vanhenemisesta johtuen. Tämän kumulatiivisen muutoksen seurauksena tarvittiin lisää työvoimaa, minkä takia Suomen hallitus alkoi aktiivisesti edistää työperusteista maahanmuuttoa. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksinä voidaan pitää sitä, että Suomen hallituksen maahanmuuttopolitiikka työperusteisesta näkökulmasta tarkasteltuna on asteittain lähentynyt harjoitettavaa kehityspolitiikkaa kohtaan. Tämä kolmekymmenvuotinen prosessi voidaan jakaa kolmeen toisistaan selvästi poikkeavaan vaiheeseen. Ensimmäistä vaihetta luonnehtii muotoutuminen. Toiselle vaiheelle ominaista on pysähtynyt edistys ja kolmas vaihe määrittyy hallittuna avoimuutena. Lisäksi kehitysmaataustaisten maahanmuuttajien työllistymisessä on nähtävissä myönteistä kehitystä samalla aikavälillä

Media Review: AI Commons - appreciativeinquiry.champlain.edu

This media review offers both a description and a critique of the Appreciative Inquiry (AI) Commons website, housed by the David L. Cooperrider Center for Appreciative Inquiry at Champlain College. The purpose of this media review is to highlight the resources available on the AI Commons website as well as to offer some suggestions for improvement

Get Started or Unstuck: Four Elements of Successful Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Extension

Minnesota Extension needs to increase interdisciplinary collaboration across the organization to remain successful. Through interviews with associate deans and Extension educators, we investigated elements of existing interdisciplinary collaboration and recommended ways to approach such collaborations. Common themes identified were (a) the need to identify an issue requiring collaboration, (b) the need to define success, (c) the need to clarify expectations, and (d) the need to determine resources. Our findings can help Extension professionals get started, or unstuck, in the pursuit of successful interdisciplinary collaborations

Three dimensional water quality modeling in a shallow lake with complex morphometry; implications for coolwater fish habitat under changing climate

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. July 2014. Major: Water Resources Science. Advisors: Prof. Miki Hondzo Dr. Lorin Hatch. 1 computer file (PDF); ix, 139 pages.Morphologically complex lakes usually have a significant water quality heterogeneity and hydrodynamic gradients that require a three dimensional (3D) model to accurately capture their temporal and spatial dynamics. The objectives of this research were to evaluate and apply a 3D coupled hydrodynamic and ecological model to a morphologically complex lake and to investigate the effects of a changing climate on the lake ecosystem. The research was conducted in a series of four separate studies including modeling investigations and laboratory experiments. First, a 3D hydrodynamic model (ELCOM ) coupled with an ecological model (CAEDYM) was applied to three bays of the morphologically complex Lake Minnetonka, MN, to simulate water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and algal concentrations. The 3D model was calibrated and validated in two different years, and model results compared well with extensive field data. Lake hydrodynamic and ecological processes were discovered to be sensitive to mixing due to inflow and wind variability over seasonal stratification. In the second study, two sensitivity and uncertainty analysis methods were applied to the model to evaluate uncertainties in the model predictions. The contributions of predicted water temperature, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and algal biomass contributed 3, 13, 26, and 58% of total model output variance, respectively. A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure the influence of fluid motion on growth and vertical distribution of Microcystisin a Plankton Tower bioreactor. The laboratory results indicated that a depth-averaged energy dissipation rate in the range from 3 x 10-7 to 3 x 10-6 m2 s-3 facilitated Microcystis growth. Fourth, the applied calibrated and validated 3D model revealed the influence of local meteorological and global climate conditions on key water quality parameters and fish habitat in 3 bays of Lake Minnetonka. The research was conducted by simulating the model and analyzing the model output results under three climate scenarios of historical normal (HN), future (FU), and future extreme (FE). Water temperature (T) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were used to investigate the temporal and spatial variability of fish habitat dynamics. The epilimnetic water temperature of the FU and FE climate scenarios were up to 4 °C warmer than the HN scenario during ice-free seasons, stratification periods were predicated to expand up to 23% (46 days), and thermocline depth to increase 49% under the FE climate scenario. In all cases hypolimnion was mostly anoxic by June 15, but started by April 15, May 1, and May 15, under the three climate scenarios of HN, FU, and FE respectively. Under future scenarios the good growth, restricted growth and lethal coolwater fish habitats that were based on T and DO thresholds changed +16%, -18%, and +85% compared to the HN scenario. A modest change (8% of total lake volume) of good growth and restricted growth into lethal habitat separated the summer good growth coolwater fish habitat by over 3 weeks. The research brought out the need for a 3D analysis in capturing the significant water quality heterogeneities and the ecological hot spots in a morphologically complex lake

Contrôle nerveux de la respiration chez la lamproie

La respiration est une activité motrice rythmique essentielle maintenue tout au long de la vie. Des réseaux de neurones appelés « générateurs de rythme » sont responsables de produire les contractions musculaires rythmiques nécessaires à la respiration et ce, chez l’ensemble des vertébrés. Ces réseaux de neurones sont étudiés chez les mammifères, mais les détails de leur organisation demeurent inconnus. Nous avons eu recours à la lamproie en tant que modèle animal d’un vertébré basal afin d’étudier les réseaux neuronaux de la respiration. Un avantage important de ce modèle expérimental est que nous pouvons enregistrer l’activité nerveuse de groupes/ou de neurones unitaires à même une préparation de tronc cérébral intact in vitro. Chez la lamproie, deux rythmes respiratoires sont observés : un rythme rapide (rythme principal) et un rythme lent. Des études antérieures ont démontré que le rythme rapide est généré au niveau du pôle rostro-latéral du noyau moteur V, une région nommée « groupe respiratoire paratrigéminal (pTRG) » ; alors que le rythme lent serait généré dans la partie caudale du rhombencéphale par un groupe respiratoire caudal (CRG) de neurones. Les résultats de cette thèse ont d’abord permis de caractériser anatomiquement et physiologiquement les connexions entre le pTRG des deux côtés du cerveau, ainsi que les connexions entre le pTRG et les motoneurones respiratoires. Nous avons trouvé que la région du pTRG comprend différentes populations de neurones : des neurones projetant vers leur homologue controlatéral et des neurones projetant vers les motoneurones respiratoires du même côté, ou des deux côtés. Nos enregistrements de neurones du pTRG ont démontré que l’activité nerveuse de ces derniers est en phase avec le rythme respiratoire. Nous avons également montré que ces neurones possèdent une arborisation axonale complexe, incluant des projections bilatérales vers les groupes de motoneurones respiratoires dans le tronc cérébral, ainsi que des connexions reliant les pTRGs de chaque côté. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons caractérisé, pour la première fois, la localisation et l’organisation partielle des réseaux neuronaux qui sous-tendent la genèse du rythme respiratoire lent. Des expériences anatomiques ont révélé la présence de populations de neurones distribuées le long des colonnes des motoneurones respiratoires dans la moitié caudale du rhombencéphale, plus précisément dans le tegmentum médian et latéral, dans le rdV, dans la région près du sulcus limitans ainsi qu’à travers et à proximité des noyaux moteurs VII, IX et X. Ces neurones envoient des projections de l’autre côté ainsi que vers le pTRG des deux côtés. Des expériences physiologiques ont montré que l’activation des régions comprenant les différentes populations de neurones du CRG, tout au long des colonnes de motoneurones respiratoires, est en mesure de produire de longues bouffées de décharges caractéristiques du rythme lent. Alors qu’à l’inverse, une inactivation bilatérale d’environ un tiers du rhombencéphale caudal abolit ce rythme (VIIm/IXm/Xm (portion rostrale) et Xm (portion caudale)). De plus, nous avons démontré que nous pouvions abolir le rythme lent sans affecter le rythme rapide, dans une préparation in vitro de tronc cérébral intact. Finalement, des enregistrements intracellulaires ont montré que la région du CRG possède des neurones affichant une activité rythmique en phase avec celle du rythme lent. Dans leur ensemble, nos résultats démontrent que le pTRG possède des réseaux de neurones présentant des réseaux de connexions pouvant soutenir la synchronisation bilatérale du rythme respiratoire rapide et que des neurones du pTRG peuvent projeter à la fois au pTRG opposé ainsi qu’aux motoneurones des deux côtés, ajoutant ainsi une redondance et une stabilité au système respiratoire. Enfin, nos résultats démontrent également que le rythme lent est généré par des réseaux neuronaux distribués bilatéralement tout au long des noyaux moteurs du VII, IX et du X, sur toute la longueur du rhombencéphale caudal de la lamproie.Les projections d’un CRG vers son homologue controlatéral, ainsi que les projections vers le pTRG, assurent la synchronisation bilatérale du rythme lent, en plus de son interaction avec le rythme rapide.Respiration is an essential rhythmic motor activity maintained throughout life. Neural networks called “rhythm generators” are responsible to produce rhythmic muscular contractions necessary for respiration in all vertebrates. These neural networks have been studied in mammals, but their detailed organization remains unknown. We used the lamprey as an animal model of a basal vertebrate to study respiratory neural networks. An important advantage of this experimental model is that we can record both groups/or single neurons in an intact brainstem preparation in vitro. Two repiratory rhythms can be observed in the lamprey: a fast rhythm (main rhythm) and a slow rhythm. Past studies have demonstrated that the fast rhythm is generated at the rosto-lateral pole of the V motor nucleus, a region named the paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG); whereas the slow rhythm was shown to be generated in the caudal part of the rhombencephalon by a caudal respiratory group (CRG) of neurons. The results of this thesis have first characterized anatomically and physiologically the connections between the pTRG on both sides of the brain, as well as the connections between the pTRG and the respiratory motoneurons. We found that the pTRG contains different populations of neurons: neurons projecting towards their contralateral homologue and neurons projecting towards the respiratory motoneurons exclusively of the same side, or both sides of the brain. Our recordings of pTRG neurons have demonstrated that the neural activity of the latter is in phase with the respiratory rhythm. We have also shown that these neurons possess a complex axonal arborisation, including bilateral projections towards groups of respiratory motoneurons in the brainstem, as well as connections linking the pTRGs on both sides. Secondly, we have characterized, for the first time, the localization and the partial organization of the neural networks underlying the generation of the slow respiratory rhythm. Anatomical experiments have revealed the presence of populations of neurons distributed along the respiratory motoneuronal columns in the caudal part of the rhombencephalon. More precisely in the medial and lateral tegmentum, in the rdV, in the region close to the sulcus limitans, as well as through and in close proximity of the motor nucleus VII, IX and X. These neurons send projections to the other side and to the pTRG. Physiological experiments have shown that the activation of the regions comprising the different populations of neurons of the CRG, along the respiratory motoneuronal columns, is able to produce long bursts of discharges characteristic of the slow rhythm. Conversely, the bilateral inactivation of approximately one third of the caudal rhombencephalon abolishes that rhythm (VIIm/IXm/Xm (rostral part) et Xm (caudal part)). Moreover, we have demonstrated that we could abolish the slow rhythm without affecting the fast rhythm, in an intact brainstem preparation in vitro. Finally, intracellular recordings have found that the CRG region possesses neurons that show a rhythmic activity in phase with the slow rhythm. In summary, our results demonstrate that the pTRG possesses neuronal networks presenting connection patterns capable of supporting the bilateral synchronization of the fast respiratory rhythm, as well as neurons projecting to the pTRG on the other side, adding redundancy and stability to the respiratory system. At last, our results also demonstrate that the slow rhythm is generated by neural networks distributed bilaterally along the motor nucleus of the VII, the IX and the X, covering the whole length of the caudal rhombencephalon of the lamprey. As for the pTRG, the projections from the CRG towards its contralateral homologue, as well as the projections towards the pTRG, assure the bilateral synchronisation of the slow rhythm and its interactions with the fast rhythm

Stormwater Research Roadmap for Minnesota

The goal of the Stormwater Research Roadmap is to articulate major research needs to improve stormwater management in Minnesota. Multiple sources and approaches were used to identify stormwater research needs for Minnesota, including a review of relevant stormwater-related documents, and state-wide survey of stormwater managers, focus groups, and policy actor interviews. The Stormwater Research Roadmap for Minnesota identifies eight major areas that need additional research to improve stormwater management for communities, professionals, and agencies. Specific examples are included for each. Research in these areas can lead to more innovative management techniques and increased effectiveness and efficiency to prevent, minimize, and mitigate the effects of runoff from the built environment. The Roadmap also presents criteria to rank research needs. Data for the Roadmap was collected from 2017-2018 and was published in 2018.his work was supported with funds from the Minnesota Clean Water, Land, and Legacy Amendment allocated by the Minnesota Legislature through the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency

Patient-Centric Medicine Design: Key Characteristics of Oral Solid Dosage Forms that Improve Adherence and Acceptance in Older People

Older people represent a very heterogeneous patient population and are the major user group of medication. Age-related changes mean that this population can encounter barriers towards taking medicines orally. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of oral solid dosage forms that contribute to an age appropriate dosage design, with an aim to improve overall medication adherence and acceptance in older people. Fifty-two semistructured interviews were conducted with older people, informal (family) carers, and health and social care professionals. Formulation characteristics impacted three stages of the medication taking process: (1) medication identification and memorability, (2) medication handling and (3) swallowability. Small round tablets (≤7 mm) are least accepted amongst older people and their carers and had a negative impact on all stages. The use of bright, two-coloured preparations and interesting shapes improves identification and further aids memorability of indications and the timing of tablets. Palatability, while useful to enhance swallowability, also has an impact on the visual appeal and memorability of medication. Environmental, patient, medication and disease characteristics also determine preferences for formulation. Developing an age appropriate dosage design for older people, therefore, requires a holistic, patient-centric approach to improve adherence and acceptance

Experience with turbulence interaction and turbulence-chemistry models at Fluent Inc.

This viewgraph presentation discusses (1) turbulence modeling: challenges in turbulence modeling, desirable attributes of turbulence models, turbulence models in FLUENT, and examples using FLUENT; and (2) combustion modeling: turbulence-chemistry interaction and FLUENT equilibrium model. As of now, three turbulence models are provided: the conventional k-epsilon model, the renormalization group model, and the Reynolds-stress model. The renormalization group k-epsilon model has broadened the range of applicability of two-equation turbulence models. The Reynolds-stress model has proved useful for strongly anisotropic flows such as those encountered in cyclones, swirlers, and combustors. Issues remain, such as near-wall closure, with all classes of models

Bilateral connectivity in the brainstem respiratory networks of lampreys

This study examines the connectivity in the neural networks controlling respiration in the lampreys, a basal vertebrate. Previous studies have shown that the lamprey paratrigeminal respiratory group (pTRG) plays a crucial role in the generation of respiration. By using a combination of anatomical and physiological techniques, we characterized the bilateral connections between the pTRGs and descending projections to the motoneurons. Tracers were injected in the respiratory motoneuron pools to identify pre‐motor respiratory interneurons. Retrogradely labeled cell bodies were found in the pTRG on both sides. Whole‐cell recordings of the retrogradely labeled pTRG neurons showed rhythmical excitatory currents in tune with respiratory motoneuron activity. This confirmed that they were related to respiration. Intracellular labeling of individual pTRG neurons revealed axonal branches to the contralateral pTRG and bilateral projections to the respiratory motoneuronal columns. Stimulation of the pTRG induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials in ipsi‐ and contralateral respiratory motoneurons as well as in contralateral pTRG neurons. A lidocaine HCl (Xylocaine) injection on the midline at the rostrocaudal level of the pTRG diminished the contralateral motoneuronal EPSPs as well as a local injection of 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX) and (2R)‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid (AP‐5) on the recorded respiratory motoneuron. Our data show that neurons in the pTRG send two sets of axonal projections: one to the contralateral pTRG and another to activate respiratory motoneurons on both sides through glutamatergic synapses

Does the Formulation of Oral Solid Dosage Forms Affect Acceptance and Adherence in Older Patients?:A Mixed Methods Systematic Review

OBJECTIVES: Age-related changes mean that the older population can encounter barriers toward taking medication orally. Further work is needed to identify the characteristics of oral solid dosage forms that will improve patient acceptance and adherence. The aim of this systematic review was to identify if and how formulation aspects of oral solid dosage forms affect acceptance and adherence in older people. DESIGN: Mixed methods systematic review using a data-based convergent synthesis design. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Articles were selected if they included participants aged 60 years and older, or included health care professionals, social care professionals, and informal carers of patients aged 60 years and older. METHODS: A systematic search of the following databases was undertaken: Web of Science, MEDLINE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Databases. The search of databases was supplemented by a search of gray literature, and reference lists of included papers were manually searched. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies were included in the final synthesis. Three themes were generated from the thematic analysis: (1) dimensions, (2) palatability, and (3) appearance. The dimensions and palatability are often modified to improve swallowability by breaking tablets in half or taste masking with food. Polypharmacy can lead to patients using the appearance to identify tablets; however, this can lead to confusion when products appear similar. No study was identified that explored formulation characteristics across all 3 categories directly in the older population. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Manufacturers should take into account practical problems older people may encounter when considering the dimensions, palatability, and appearance of the final drug product. These characteristics should be optimized to aid visual identification and swallowability. Medical providers and pharmacists have an important role in ensuring that these patient-centric drug products are prescribed and dispensed appropriately so that patients receive the most suitable formulation