The mechanical degradation of land surface and the present state of the loess “islands” plant cover of Chernihiv Polesie (Ukraine)

The causes of the mechanical degradation of the loess lands of Chernihiv Polesie have been determined, in particular, the ability of the loess to be washed out and subside easily, deforestation (the end of the 13th – the beginning of the 14th centuries) and the excessive increase of the anthropogenic pressure on the agricultural lands (the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 21st centuries). It has been cleared that the degradation of the loess “islands” soils of Chernihiv Polesie is manifested in the form of erosion and suffusion. The areas at the fifth stage of erosion prevail. The largest percentage of the eroded areas is on the Mykhailo-Kotsiubynsk and Ripky-Chernihiv loess “islands”. The lands with suffusion forms dominate on the Berezna-Mena-Sosnytsia loess “island”. Long-term use of the arable lands contributed to the increase of erosion and suffusion forms of the relief. The potential places of the beginning of the mechanical degradation are post-sowing, neglected lands, which were repeatedly violated mechanically. The plant communities, which are the indicators of different stages of mechanical degradation of the lands, have been identified. The plant communities of Digitario sanguinalis-Eragrostietea minoris Mucina, Lososová et Šilc 2016 and Bidentetea Tx. et al. ex von Rochow 1951 are the indicators of eroded lands at the stages of formation, expansion and deepening of washouts. The phytocenoses of Bidentetea tripartiti are the indicators of the initial stages of suffusion, and the complexes of Magnocaricetalia are the indicators of suffusion increase and deepening. Over the past 120 years, there has been a slight increase in the area occupied by plant communities other than agrocenoses on the loess “islands” due to the anti-erosion planting of Pinus sylvestris and Robinia pseudoacacia. The agronomic, fitomeliorative and prohibitive measures that can slow down the pace of the mechanical degradation of the loess lands of Chernihiv Polesie have been suggested

The vegetation of the cretaceous outcrops of Novhorod-Siverskyi Polesie loess “islands” (Ukraine) and the new locality of Gentiana cruciata L.

The vegetation of the cretaceous outcrops of Novhorod-Siverskyi Polesie loess “islands” is represented by the grasslands communities of the Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow1951, Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947, TrifolioGeranietea sanguinei T. Müller 1962 classes and shrubby phytocoenoses of the Robinietea Jurko ex Hadač et Sofron 1980 class. The structure and composition of the plant communities are influenced by the degree of anthropogenic influence (both in the past and present) on the ecosystems of cretaceous outcrops. The determining anthropogenic factors contributing to the formation of the ruderal communities were chalk mining and gardening. The influence of erosive processes is manifested in the spatial delimitation of plant communities of various syntaxonomic belongings. The anthropogenic successional communities: semiruderal grasslands and herblands of the immoral and subboreal zones of Europe (ConvolvuloAgropyretum repentis Felföldy (1942) 1943, Poo compressae-Tussilaginetum farfarae R. Tx. 1931) and scrub communities of temperate Europe, represented by the Elytrigio repentisRobinietum Smetana 2002 phytocoenoses typical for Steppe zones, prevail. Semixerothermic communities were found on the steep slopes of the cretaceous outcrops (eastern and southwestern expositions) – early successional stages with a significant amount of the characteristic species of the Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947 class. On the cretaceous outcrops of Novhorod-Siverskyi Polesie loess “islands” the communities of Trifolion medii T. Müller 1962 (meso-subxerophytic fringe phytocoenoses on nutrient-poor but base-rich soils at lower altitudes of temperate Western and Central Europe) is localized on the slopes of the eastern and southeastern parts of the expositions which do not undergo anthropogenic influence and are separated by erosion forms. Such conditions were favorable for preserving the Gentiana cruciata L. relict species in this locality. The population of this species was found in the area of 50 m2 in the Trifolio medii-Agrimonietum Th. Müller 1962 association community and represented by two compact groups of individuals (the area of 0.5 m 2 each) and individual plants. In order to preserve the habitat of this rare species, it is worth creating here a reserve

Justification of Ice Melting Power on 10 kV Overhead Power Lines

The fuzzy multicriteria model of the ice melting system on radial 10 kV overhead power lines was developed. Three criteria were taken into account: the minimum of reduced annual costs for ice melting system, the minimum of amount of electric energy not provided to consumers during melting, and the minimum of the amount of electricity consumed for the ice melting. The model also takes into account the fuzzy limitation of the permissible ice melting power associated with the uncertainty of weather conditions. Based on the model we justified the value of ice melting power, which should be provided by serial ice melting devices of industrial production, intended for use on radial 10 kV overhead power lines, taking into account the uncertainty of initial data

Analytical transformations software for stationary modes of induction motors and electric drives

A program was developed in the package of symbolic transformations Maple. It provides automatic analytical transformation and derivation of formulas and plotting of the main characteristics of induction motors (IM) in a convenient form for an electrical engineer and student: torque=f(slip) T=f(s), angular speed=f(Torque) ω=f(T), angular speed=f(Current) ω=f(I), current=f(slip) I=f(s); cos(φ) and phase angle (phi) φ for stator currents and rotor currents, and magnetizing circuit, machine efficiency η=f(s) and a number of other characteristics. The calculation is based on the equivalent circuit of IM motors in its different variants: with one cage in the rotor, with two or more cages in the rotor, taking into account the skin effect in the rotor rods and without it. The user can build up the equivalent circuit to the desired configuration. The algorithm of further transformations is based on analytical obtaining of amplitude/frequency and phase/frequency characteristics in the nodes of the equivalent circuits with further calculation by power and slip. Online animation of the graphs with alternate variations of all resistances R and inductances L values of the model is provided. The article contains screenshots of important parts of the programs and illustrates the complete set of graphs

Prediction on the content of radionuclides and heavy metals of the Solidago canadensis L. use as a honey resource in Polesie

In the context of the problem of the rational use of the meadow ecosystems of Polesie, which have been exposed to radioactive effect and have not been used economically for a long time, the indicators of radionuclides and heavy metals in soil and plants predict the possibility of using Solidago canadensis L. as a honey resource in summer and autumn periods. The article presents new research results in the direction of studying the species specificity of plants for the accumulation of radionuclides and heavy metals, which are aimed at solving the problem of obtaining the environmentally friendly bee-keeping products from non-traditional honey resources. The habitats of Solidago canadensis were studied in the floodplain of the Dnieper river, its tributaries of various orders and loess “islands” in Polesie – the transformed meadow ecosystems, phytocenoses of which belong to the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R.Tx. 1937 class, and the ruderal Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 communities. The content of the radionuclides (137Cs та 90Sr) and heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu) in the soil and inflorescences of Solidago canadensis of 18 sites were analyzed. 11 sites of them, that were not contaminated by the Chernobyl disaster, were analyzed for honey samples. The linear regression equations for honey-plant and honey-soil systems, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r), significance level (p) and the determination coefficient (r2) for predicting (by indicators of radionuclides and heavy metals in soil and plant) the possibility of honey gathering have been determined. According to the predicted indicators of the heavy metal content and specific activity of radionuclides, it was found that only the meadow ecosystems in the floodplain of the Iput river (the Zalissia village, Dobruskyi district, Gomel region, Belarus) out of 7 studied sites, which were exposed to radioactive contamination in 1986, are suitable for gathering goldenrod honey. In the case of honey gathering on the infested with the Canadian goldenrod meadows in the floodplains of the Dnieper, Sozh and Pakulka rivers, the maximum permissible concentration of cadmium or radionuclides in the products may exceed. It is emphasized that to assess the possibility of obtaining the environmentally friendly goldenrod honey, it is advisable to predict the content of radionuclides and heavy metals in both plants and soil. To do this, it is also necessary to take into account the calculated values ​​of the highest content of heavy metals and the specific activity of radionuclides in soil and plants, at which the metal content in honey will be at the level of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC)

BADANIE WPŁYWU UŁAMKOWEJ LICZBY SZCZELIN BIEGUNÓW NA GENERACJĘ TURBINY WIATROWEJ PRZY UŻYCIU ULEPSZONEGO ALGORYTMU OPTYMALIZACJI CĘTKOWANEJ HIENY

The design of machines with permanent magnets is actively developing day by day and is often used in wind energy. The main advantages of such variable speed drives are high efficiency, high power density and torque density. When designing a wind generator with two rotors and permanent magnets, it is necessary to solve such a problem as the correct choice of the number of poles and slots to increase efficiency and minimize the cost of the machine. In this work, an improved spotted hyena optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal combination of slots and poles. This optimization algorithm makes it possible to obtain the number of fractional slots per pole and evaluate the operating efficiency of a wind generator with a double rotor and ferrite magnets. At the first stage of machine design, various combinations of slots are installed. Next, the optimal combination is selected from various slot-pole combinations, taking into account the Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) algorithm, in which a multi-objective function is configured. Accordingly, the multi-objectives are the integration of reverse electromotive force, output torque, gear torque, flux linkage, torque ripple along with losses. Analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed algorithm for determining the optimal slot combination is more efficient than other slot combinations. It has also been found that the choice of slot and pole combination is critical to the efficient operation of permanent magnet machines.Projektowanie maszyn z magnesami trwałymi aktywnie rozwija się z dnia na dzień i jest często wykorzystywane w energetyce wiatrowej. Głównymi zaletami takich napędów o zmiennej prędkości są wysoka sprawność, wysoka gęstość mocy i gęstość momentu obrotowego. Podczas projektowania generatora wiatrowego z dwoma wirnikami i magnesami trwałymi konieczne jest rozwiązanie takiego problemu, jak prawidłowy dobór liczby biegunów i szczelin w celu zwiększenia wydajności i zminimalizowania kosztów maszyny. W niniejszej pracy zastosowano ulepszony algorytm optymalizacji hieny plamistej w celu uzyskania optymalnej kombinacji szczelin i biegunów. Ten algorytm optymalizacji umożliwia uzyskanie liczby ułamkowych szczelin na biegun i ocenę wydajności operacyjnej generatora wiatrowego z podwójnym wirnikiem i magnesami ferrytowymi. Na pierwszym etapie projektowania maszyny instalowane są różne kombinacje szczelin. Następnie wybierana jest optymalna kombinacja spośród różnych kombinacji szczelin i biegunów, biorąc pod uwagę algorytm Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) (ulepszony algorytm optymalizacjihieny cętkowanej hieny), w którym skonfigurowana jest funkcja wielocelowa. W związku z tym, celami wielozadaniowymi są integracja odwrotnej siły elektromotorycznej, wyjściowego momentu obrotowego, momentu obrotowego przekładni, połączenia strumienia, tętnienia momentu obrotowego wraz ze stratami. Analiza uzyskanych wyników pokazuje, że proponowany algorytm określania optymalnej kombinacji szczelin jest bardziej wydajny niż inne kombinacje szczelin. Stwierdzono również, że wybór kombinacji szczelin i biegunów ma kluczowe znaczenie dla wydajnej pracy maszyn z magnesami trwałymi

RESEARCH THE EFFECT OF THE FRACTIONAL NUMBER SLOTS OF POLE ON WIND TURBINE GENERATION USING THE ENHANCED SPOTTED HYENA OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

The design of machines with permanent magnets is actively developing day by day and is often used in wind energy. The main advantages of such variable speed drives are high efficiency, high power density and torque density. When designing a wind generator with two rotors and permanent magnets, it is necessary to solve such a problem as the correct choice of the number of poles and slots to increase efficiency and minimize the cost of the machine. In this work, an improved spotted hyena optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal combination of slots and poles. This optimization algorithm makes it possible to obtain the number of fractional slots per pole and evaluate the operating efficiency of a wind generator with a double rotor and ferrite magnets. At the first stage of machine design, various combinations of slots are installed. Next, the optimal combination is selected from various slot-pole combinations, taking into account the Enhanced Spotted Hyena Optimization (ESHO) algorithm, in which a multi-objective function is configured. Accordingly, the multi-objectives are the integration of reverse electromotive force, output torque, gear torque, flux linkage, torque ripple along with losses. Analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed algorithm for determining the optimal slot combination is more efficient than other slot combinations. It has also been found that the choice of slot and pole combination is critical to the efficient operation of permanent magnet machines

Mathematical simulation of separating work tool technological process

The article describes the technological process of separation of the heaped-off pile of wheat. A mathematical model in the form of regression equations was obtained based on a full-factor experiment. Using the methods of mathematical analysis, the regression equations were investigated for the highest and lowest values. The values of the factors were obtained, for which the response function has the highest values, then the response surfaces were constructed and analyzed

Оцінка якості електроенергії за допомогою нечіткого узагальненого показника

Most of branching and length of distribution networks, unstable and heterogeneous nature of the load, low observability of electric networks, lack of information about the topology and load during the period of time do not allow the operating personnel to obtain reliable values of quality of electric energy and therefore accurately determine the degree of influence of poor electricity on the mode of operation, the service life of specific groups of consumers. The uncertainty of the initial information needs to be revealed. The existing calculation methods are mainly deterministic and do not allow to take into account the uncertainty of the initial information.To accomplish this task are invited to submit indicators of quality of electric energy in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers and quality standards – in the form of trapezoidal fuzzy intervals. Fuzzy quality score is determined based on the processing of measurement results, and the fuzzy quality standards are based on the permissible range given in the regulations. The degree of conformity of fuzzy values of the fuzzy index of electricity quality standards proposed for the area to assess the figure formed by the intersection of the membership function.Considering the characteristics of the individual groups of loads , it is proposed to assess the quality of electricity for these groups separately by fuzzy integral indicator.Expressions are given for the determination of the integral indexes of electricity quality for different types of loads. In particular, we present integrated indexes of electricity quality unbalance and for non-sinusoidal motor, lighting load, and devices with a microprocessor control unit. The importance of these results is that the first time it is possible to improve information quality assessment of electricity in the uncertainty of the initial information. And, most importantly, if you know the type of load, it is possible to consider only the quality parameters of electric energy, which adversely affect the operation of a particular electroreceivers.Выполнена оценка степени соответствия показателей качества электрической энергии нормам с помощью теории нечетких множеств. Предложен интегральный показатель качества электрической энергии для конкретных видов нагрузки. Показан конкретный пример нечеткой оценки качества электроэнергии и представлены интегральные показатели качества электрической энергии для двигательной, осветительной нагрузки и для приборов с микропроцессорными блоками управления.Виконано оцінку ступеня відповідності показників якості електричної енергії нормам за допомогою теорії нечітких множин. Запропоновано інтегральний показник якості електричної енергії для конкретних видів навантаження. Показано конкретний приклад нечіткої оцінки якості електроенергії і представлені інтегральні показники якості електричної енергії для двигунного, освітлювального навантаження і для приладів з мікропроцесорними блоками керування.

Оцінка якості електроенергії за допомогою нечіткого узагальненого показника

Most of branching and length of distribution networks, unstable and heterogeneous nature of the load, low observability of electric networks, lack of information about the topology and load during the period of time do not allow the operating personnel to obtain reliable values of quality of electric energy and therefore accurately determine the degree of influence of poor electricity on the mode of operation, the service life of specific groups of consumers. The uncertainty of the initial information needs to be revealed. The existing calculation methods are mainly deterministic and do not allow to take into account the uncertainty of the initial information.To accomplish this task are invited to submit indicators of quality of electric energy in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers and quality standards – in the form of trapezoidal fuzzy intervals. Fuzzy quality score is determined based on the processing of measurement results, and the fuzzy quality standards are based on the permissible range given in the regulations. The degree of conformity of fuzzy values of the fuzzy index of electricity quality standards proposed for the area to assess the figure formed by the intersection of the membership function.Considering the characteristics of the individual groups of loads , it is proposed to assess the quality of electricity for these groups separately by fuzzy integral indicator.Expressions are given for the determination of the integral indexes of electricity quality for different types of loads. In particular, we present integrated indexes of electricity quality unbalance and for non-sinusoidal motor, lighting load, and devices with a microprocessor control unit. The importance of these results is that the first time it is possible to improve information quality assessment of electricity in the uncertainty of the initial information. And, most importantly, if you know the type of load, it is possible to consider only the quality parameters of electric energy, which adversely affect the operation of a particular electroreceivers.Выполнена оценка степени соответствия показателей качества электрической энергии нормам с помощью теории нечетких множеств. Предложен интегральный показатель качества электрической энергии для конкретных видов нагрузки. Показан конкретный пример нечеткой оценки качества электроэнергии и представлены интегральные показатели качества электрической энергии для двигательной, осветительной нагрузки и для приборов с микропроцессорными блоками управления.Виконано оцінку ступеня відповідності показників якості електричної енергії нормам за допомогою теорії нечітких множин. Запропоновано інтегральний показник якості електричної енергії для конкретних видів навантаження. Показано конкретний приклад нечіткої оцінки якості електроенергії і представлені інтегральні показники якості електричної енергії для двигунного, освітлювального навантаження і для приладів з мікропроцесорними блоками керування.