81 research outputs found
Compression of extreme-ultraviolet ultrashort pulses by grating configurations
The design and realization of grating instruments to condition the spectral phase of ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet pulses are discussed. The main application of such configurations is the temporal compression of pulses by compensating the phase chirp and getting close to the Fourier limit. We discuss the two configurations useful for the realization of ultrafast grating compressors, namely, the classical diffraction mount and the off-plane one. The configuration may be applied to free-electron lasers and high-order laser harmonics
Design study of time-preserving grating monochromators for ultrashort pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-rays
The design of grating-based instruments to handle and condition coherent ultrafast
pulses in the extreme-ultraviolet is discussed. The main application of such instruments is the
monochromatization of high-order laser harmonics and free-electron-laser pulses in the femtosecond
time scale. Broad-band monochromators require the use of diffraction gratings at grazing incidence.
A grating can be used for the spectral selection of ultrashort pulses without altering the pulse duration
in a significant way, provided that the number of illuminated grooves is equal to the resolution.
We discuss here the design conditions to be fulfilled by a grating monochromator that does not
increase the pulse duration significantly longer than the Fourier limit
Development of spectroscopic instrumentation for Ultrafast pulses in the XUV domain
In this dissertation the work performed in the framework of the development of spectroscopic instrumentation for Ultrafast pulses in the XUV domain is presented.
The activities on the installation, development and characterization of ultrafast instrumentation for handling, conditioning and detection of ultrashort pulses are described in detail. Moreover, the technical and scientific advances achieved, as well as the experimental results obtained, are reported and discussed
Phase Manipulation of Ultrashort Soft X-Ray Pulses by Reflective Gratings
In this chapter, we discuss the use of reflective diffraction gratings to manipulate the phase of ultrashort pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray spectral regions. Gratings may be used to condition the spectral phase of ultrashort pulses, e.g., to compensate for the pulse chirp and compress the pulse, similarly to what is routinely realized for visible and infrared pulses. The chirped pulse amplification technique has been already proposed for soft X-ray free-electron laser radiation; however, it requires the use of a compressor to compensate for the pulse chirp and get closer to the Fourier limit. There are fundamental differences when operating the gratings at wavelengths shorter than ≈40 nm on a broad band: (a) the gratings are operated at grazing incidence; therefore, the optical design has to be consequently tailored to this peculiar geometry; (b) the grating efficiency is definitely lower; therefore, the number of diffractions has to be limited to two. We discuss the different configurations that can be applied to the realization of a grating stretcher/compressor
Spectrometer for X-ray emission experiments at FERMI free-electron-laser
A portable and compact photon spectrometer to be used for photon in-photon out experiments, in particular x-ray emission spectroscopy, is presented. The instrument operates in the 25\u2013800 eV energy range to cover the full emissions of the FEL1 and FEL2 stages of FERMI. The optical design consists of two interchangeable spherical varied-lined-spaced gratings and a CCD detector. Different input sections can be accommodated, with/without an entrance slit and with/without an additional relay mirror, that allow to mount the spectrometer in different end-stations and at variable distances from the target area both at synchrotron and at free-electron-laser beamlines. The characterization on the Gas Phase beamline at ELETTRA Synchrotron (Italy) is presented
Intravaginal Practices, Vaginal Infections and HIV Acquisition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND: Intravaginal practices are commonly used by women to manage their vaginal health and sexual life. These practices could, however, affect intravaginal mucosal integrity. The objectives of this study were to examine evidence for associations between: intravaginal practices and acquisition of HIV infection; intravaginal practices and vaginal infections; and vaginal infections and HIV acquisition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted a systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies, searching 15 electronic databases of journals and abstracts from two international conferences to 31(st) January 2008. Relevant articles were selected and data extracted in duplicate. Results were examined visually in forest plots and combined using random effects meta-analysis where appropriate. Of 2120 unique references we included 22 publications from 15 different studies in sub-Saharan Africa and the USA. Seven publications from five studies examined a range of intravaginal practices and HIV infection. No specific vaginal practices showed a protective effect against HIV or vaginal infections. Insertion of products for sex was associated with HIV in unadjusted analyses; only one study gave an adjusted estimate, which showed no association (hazard ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval, CI 0.71, 1.67). HIV incidence was higher in women reporting intravaginal cleansing but confidence intervals were wide and heterogeneity high (adjusted hazard ratio 1.88, 95%CI 0.53, 6.69, I(2) 83.2%). HIV incidence was higher in women with bacterial vaginosis (adjusted effect 1.57, 95%CI 1.26, 1.94, I(2) 19.0%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (adjusted effect 1.64, 95%CI 1.28, 2.09, I(2) 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A pathway linking intravaginal cleaning practices with vaginal infections that increase susceptibility to HIV infection is plausible but conclusive evidence is lacking. Intravaginal practices do not appear to protect women from vaginal infections or HIV and some might be harmful
{\AA}ngstr\"om-resolved Interfacial Structure in Organic-Inorganic Junctions
Charge transport processes at interfaces which are governed by complex
interfacial electronic structure play a crucial role in catalytic reactions,
energy storage, photovoltaics, and many biological processes. Here, the first
soft X-ray second harmonic generation (SXR-SHG) interfacial spectrum of a
buried interface (boron/Parylene-N) is reported. SXR-SHG shows distinct
spectral features that are not observed in X-ray absorption spectra,
demonstrating its extraordinary interfacial sensitivity. Comparison to
electronic structure calculations indicates a boron-organic separation distance
of 1.9 {\AA}, wherein changes as small as 0.1 {\AA} result in easily detectable
SXR-SHG spectral shifts (ca. 100s of meV). As SXR-SHG is inherently ultrafast
and sensitive to individual atomic layers, it creates the possibility to study
a variety of interfacial processes, e.g. catalysis, with ultrafast time
resolution and bond specificity.Comment: 19 page
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