La dévolution au miroir de l’histoire impériale

Le fonctionnement d’assemblées dans les colonies de peuplement de l’Empire britannique offre une analogie instructive, mais imparfaite avec la dévolution advenue au Royaume-Uni. Imparfaite, car le propre de l’Empire est de ne pas entrer dans l’Union, et un grand nombre d’assemblées pré-existent de toute façon à la doctrine de la souveraineté du Parlement de Westminster. Instructive, car l’on observe que cette « dévolution » impériale est longtemps problématique ; qu’elle est ensuite instrumentalisée aux fins de maintenir l’unité de l’Empire ; et que, dans une relation d’équilibre dynamique, c’est la périphérie qui décide en dernier ressort de son lien avec le centre métropolitain.Colonial assemblies in the British Empire of settlement offer an instructive, yet imperfect analogy to devolution in the United Kingdom. Imperfect to the extent that the Empire never formed part of the Union, and many of the assemblies in any case predated the emergence of the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Instructive, because this devolution of sorts was long problematic, but was then used to preserve imperial unity, and also because it reveals that, in a dynamic balance between centre and periphery, the decision to maintain the connection ultimately rested with the latter

Un investissement mouvementé : Solvay en Espagne, 1908-1942

Cet article relate l’implantation du groupe Solvay à Torrelavega (Cantabrie) à partir de 1908. L’usine s’installe près des salines qui constituent la matière première de la fabrication de la soude avec le procédé Solvay ; à proximité aussi d’un port à la Requejada permettant d’exporter les productions. Ce travail repose sur des archives inédites et examine l’adaptation de l’entreprise belge à l’environnement économique, social et politique découvert en Espagne. Conformément à ses pratiques, Solvay met en place en peu d’années un dispositif social et diverses réalisations architecturales. Entamée par une soudière à l’ammoniac en 1908, la production est considérablement étendue avec l’électrolyse en 1935. L’organisation syndicale ouvrière s’implante précocement et la première grève a lieu en 1911. La crise majeure intervient avec la grève insurrectionnelle d’octobre 1934, « La révolte des Asturies ». Lors du pronunciamiento de juillet 1936, l’usine se retrouve dans la poche républicaine du Nord, tout près du front. Pour autant, la production n’a quasiment jamais cessé.The contribution tells the setting-up of the group Solvay in Torrelavega (Cantabria) from 1908. The factory settled near the saltworks which constituted the raw material of the manufacturing of the soda with the process Solvay; nearly also of a port in Requejada which allowed to export the productions. This work is based on new archives and it concerns the adaptation of the Belgian company to the economic, social and political environment which they discovered in Spain. According to its practices, Solvay set up few years a social environment and diverse architectural realizations. Beginning to produce soda ash with ammoniac in 1908, the production was considerably widened with the electrolysis in 1935. The labor union became established prematurely and the first strike takes place in 1911. The major crisis intervened with the insurrectionary strike of October, 1934, "The revolt of the Asturias". During the pronunciamento of July 1936, the factory was itself in the “republican pocket” of the North, near the battle. However, the production had almost never stopped

Les difficultés de la modernisation dans le cas de l'industrie française de la machine outil,1941-1953

Digitised version produced by the EUI Library and made available online in 2020

Conclusions du colloque

C’est un colloque pour les bâtiments ferroviaires qu’on ne voit généralement pas. Des bâtiments où travaillaient et travaillent des hommes et des femmes dont on parle trop rarement hors de la profession. Ce dixième colloque de l’AHICF est consacré aux ateliers et dépôts du Matériel ferroviaire, des origines du chemin de fer à nos jours ; de Marc Seguin à la création du nouvel établissement de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps (1993, Bernard Monteil et Christine Colombier). Il contribue à montrer comment..

La désindustrialisation au regard de l’histoire

Depuis les années 1970, de nombreux territoires d’Europe occidentale subissent par à-coups successifs un processus de désindustrialisation extrêmement violent. Cela se traduit par la fermeture de nombreux sites de production, la disparition de savoir-faire, la perte de millions d’emplois, la multiplication des friches industrielles et le bouleversement des sociétés organisées autour et par l’industrie. L’ampleur, la concomitance et la durée de ce processus destructif toujours à l’œuvre, les d..

Cloud phase identification of Arctic boundary-layer clouds from airborne spectral reflection measurements: Test of three approaches

Arctic boundary-layer clouds were investigated with remote sensing and in situ instruments during the Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR) campaign in March and April 2007. The clouds formed in a cold air outbreak over the open Greenland Sea. Beside the predominant mixed-phase clouds pure liquid water and ice clouds were observed. Utilizing measurements of solar radiation reflected by the clouds three methods to retrieve the thermodynamic phase of the cloud are introduced and compared. Two ice indices IS and IP were obtained by analyzing the spectral pattern of the cloud top reflectance in the near infrared (1500–1800 nm wavelength) spectral range which is characterized by ice and water absorption. While IS analyzes the spectral slope of the reflectance in this wavelength range, IS utilizes a principle component analysis (PCA) of the spectral reflectance. A third ice index IA is based on the different side scattering of spherical liquid water particles and nonspherical ice crystals which was recorded in simultaneous measurements of spectral cloud albedo and reflectance. Radiative transfer simulations show that IS, IP and IA range between 5 to 80, 0 to 8 and 1 to 1.25 respectively with lowest values indicating pure liquid water clouds and highest values pure ice clouds. The spectral slope ice index IS and the PCA ice index IP are found to be strongly sensitive to the effective diameter of the ice crystals present in the cloud. Therefore, the identification of mixed-phase clouds requires a priori knowledge of the ice crystal dimension. The reflectance-albedo ice index IA is mainly dominated by the uppermost cloud layer (τ<1.5). Therefore, typical boundary-layer mixed-phase clouds with a liquid cloud top layer will be identified as pure liquid water clouds. All three methods were applied to measurements above a cloud field observed during ASTAR 2007. The comparison with independent in situ microphysical measurements shows the ability of the three approaches to identify the ice phase in Arctic boundary-layer clouds

Investigating the vertical extent and short-wave radiative effects of the ice phase in Arctic summertime low-level clouds

Low-level (cloud tops below 2 km) mixed-phase clouds are important in amplifying warming in the Arctic region through positive feedback in cloud fraction, water content and phase. In order to understand the cloud feedbacks in the Arctic region, good knowledge of the vertical distribution of the cloud water content, particle size and phase is required. Here we investigate the vertical extent of the cloud-phase and ice-phase optical properties in six case studies measured in the European Arctic during the ACLOUD campaign. Late spring- and summertime stratiform clouds were sampled in situ over pack ice, marginal sea ice zone and open-ocean surface, with cloud top temperatures varying between −15 and −1.5 ∘C. The results show that, although the liquid phase dominates the upper parts of the clouds, the ice phase was frequently observed in the lower parts down to cloud top temperatures as warm as −3.8 ∘C. In the studied vertical cloud profiles, the maximum of average liquid phase microphysical properties, droplet number concentration, effective radius and liquid water content, varied between 23 and 152 cm−3, 19 and 26 µm, 0.09 and 0.63 g m−3, respectively. The maximum of average ice-phase microphysical properties varied between 0.1 and 57 L−1 for the ice number concentration, 40 and 70 µm for the effective radius, and 0.005 and 0.08 g m−3 for the ice water content. The elevated ice crystal number concentrations and ice water paths observed for clouds, with cloud top temperatures between −3.8 and −8.7 ∘C can be likely attributed to secondary ice production through rime splintering. Low asymmetry parameters between 0.69 and 0.76 were measured for the mixed-phase ice crystals with a mean value of 0.72. The effect of the ice-phase optical properties on the radiative transfer calculations was investigated for the four cloud cases potentially affected by secondary ice production. Generally the choice of ice-phase optical properties only has a minor effect on the cloud transmissivity and albedo, except in a case where the ice phase dominated the upper cloud layer extinction. In this case, cloud albedo at solar wavelengths was increased by 10 % when the ice phase was given its measured optical properties instead of treating it as liquid phase. The presented results highlight the importance of accurate vertical information on cloud phase for radiative transfer and provide a suitable data set for testing microphysical parameterizations in models

Development and Qualification of the Primary Structure of the Orion European Service Module

This paper presents an overview of the development and qualification test campaign for the primary structure of the European Service Module of ORION, the NASA spacecraft which will serve the future human exploration missions to the Moon, Mars and beyond. Under an agreement between NASA and ESA, the ORION will be powered by a European Service Module (ESM), providing also water and oxygen for astronauts' life sustainability. The development and qualification of the European Service Module (ESM) is under ESA responsibility with Airbus Defense and Space as the prime contractor. Thales Alenia Space Italia is responsible for design development, manufacturing, assembly and qualification of the Structure subsystem. The European Service Module, installed onto the launch adapter, shall support the crew module with its adapter and a launch abort system. It shall sustain: - A combination of global and local launch loads during lift off and ascent phases, - On orbit loads induced by engine firing for orbital transfers and attitude control. The ESM structure is based on a core made of Composite Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sandwich panels complemented by aluminum alloy platforms, longerons and secondary structures. A development campaign has been implemented in order to define and validate composite parts' strength allowable values for design: coupon tests at material level, test at component level up to breadboards tests performed on main structural components (composite to metallic joints, and at panels' discontinuities). An incremental approach as defined in [1] has been followed. A qualification static test campaign at primary structure assembly level has been implemented in order to validate the design against static stiffness and ultimate strength as well as to correlate the structural Finite Element Model (FEM) used for sizing and confirm the margins of safety. The tests have been performed successfully by Thales Alenia Space Italia (TAS-I) on two flight representative structural models (STA1, STA2), in Turin facilities (Italy) between August 2015 and March 2017, with engineering support of technical representatives from Airbus, ESA, NASA and LMCO. The main development and qualification test activities and associated results are presented and discussed in the pape

On the observation of unusual high concentration of small chain-like aggregate ice crystals and large ice water contents near the top of a deep convective cloud during the CIRCLE-2 experiment

During the CIRCLE-2 experiment carried out over Western Europe in May 2007, combined in situ and remote sensing observations allowed to describe microphysical and optical properties near-top of an overshooting convective cloud (11 080 m/−58 °C). The airborne measurements were performed with the DLR Falcon aircraft specially equipped with a unique set of instruments for the extensive in situ cloud measurements of microphysical and optical properties (Polar Nephelometer, FSSP-300, Cloud Particle Imager and PMS 2-D-C) and nadir looking remote sensing observations (DLR WALES Lidar). Quasi-simultaneous space observations from MSG/SEVIRI, CALIPSO/CALIOP-WFC-IIR and CloudSat/CPR combined with airborne RASTA radar reflectivity from the French Falcon aircraft flying above the DLR Falcon depict very well convective cells which overshoot by up to 600 m the tropopause level. Unusual high values of the concentration of small ice particles, extinction, ice water content (up to 70 cm&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;, 30 km&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; and 0.5 g m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively) are experienced. The mean effective diameter and the maximum particle size are 43 μm and about 300 μm, respectively. This very dense cloud causes a strong attenuation of the WALES and CALIOP lidar returns. The SEVIRI retrieved parameters confirm the occurrence of small ice crystals at the top of the convective cell. Smooth and featureless phase functions with asymmetry factors of 0.776 indicate fairly uniform optical properties. Due to small ice crystals the power-law relationship between ice water content (IWC) and radar reflectivity appears to be very different from those usually found in cirrus and anvil clouds. For a given equivalent reflectivity factor, IWCs are significantly larger for the overshooting cell than for the cirrus. Assuming the same prevalent microphysical properties over the depth of the overshooting cell, RASTA reflectivity profiles scaled into ice water content show that retrieved IWC up to 1 g m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; may be observed near the cloud top. Extrapolating the relationship for stronger convective clouds with similar ice particles, IWC up to 5 g m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; could be experienced with reflectivity factors no larger than about 20 dBZ. This means that for similar situations, indication of rather weak radar echo does not necessarily warn the occurrence of high ice water content carried by small ice crystals. All along the cloud penetration the shape of the ice crystals is dominated by chain-like aggregates of frozen droplets. Our results confirm previous observations that the chains of ice crystals are found in a continental deep convective systems which are known generally to generate intense electric fields causing efficient ice particle aggregation processes. Vigorous updrafts could lift supercooled droplets which are frozen extremely rapidly by homogeneous nucleation near the −37 °C level, producing therefore high concentrations of very small ice particles at upper altitudes. They are sufficient to deplete the water vapour and suppress further nucleation as confirmed by humidity measurements. These observations address scientific issues related to the microphysical properties and structure of deep convective clouds and confirm that particles smaller than 50 μm may control the radiative properties in convective-related clouds. These unusual observations may also provide some possible insights regarding engineering issues related to the failure of jet engines commonly used on commercial aircraft during flights through areas of high ice water content. However, large uncertainties of the measured and derived parameters limit our observations