Impact of Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) Primocane Tipping on Fruit Yield and Quality

High temperature stress, which has been occurring more often in recent years, usually coincides with the flowering of primocane raspberries and causes a negative effect on fruit quality parameters. One of the methods of delaying raspberry flowering and fruit development to avoid high summer temperatures is tipping the young primocanes. The aim of the study was to investigate how this practice affects the fruit characteristics and primary and secondary metabolites of two primocane raspberry cultivars (‘Amira’ and ‘Polka’). For this purpose, we performed primocane tipping on two different dates in late spring and analyzed the berries from three subsequent sampling dates. High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analyses were used for the identification and quantification of individual phenolic compounds and HPLC analyses for individual sugars and organic acids. Primocane tipping had great influence on the beginning of the harvest season of both cultivars. The impact on fruit yield was insignificant. Sampling date had a greater influence on fruit metabolite contents than did different treatments, with cultivar ‘Polka’ showing a greater response to primocane tipping than cultivar 'Amira'. Based on primary and secondary metabolites, it is difficult to say which treatment provided the best results, since dissimilar patterns were shown at different sampling dates and between cultivars. With negligible differences in fruit quality, primocane tipping was shown to be a good cultivation practice for delaying the production season of raspberries

Phenolic profiles of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) leaf extracts obtained by different extraction methods

Extracts from quince leaves are a well-known home remedy used for treating diverse health problems. Most of the beneficial properties of quince leaf extracts may be assigned to their high content of phenolic compounds, particularly tannins. In this research, we have evaluated the efficiency of various methods for phenolic extraction from quince leaves and determined detailed phenolic profiles of different extracts. The results indicated that leaf drying is a suitable pretreatment for enhancing the extraction of phenolic compounds. Higher extraction of phenolics was achieved at higher temperatures (i.e. infusion or decoction). Phenolic profiles of quince leaf extracts differed among the extraction solvents and time of extraction. Flavanols prevailed in extracts obtained by decoction and ethanolic maceration, while extracts obtained by maceration in water and infusion were rich in phenolic acids. A highly concentrated quince leaf extract was attained by ethanolic maceration, using a standard ratio of solvent and leaf material

Oxidative stress in black and yellow soybean grown in organic production system

Dark-coloured soybean seeds contain high concentrations of phenolic compounds that contribute to their high stress resistance. The purpose of this work was to define whether soybean plants developed from black coloured seeds would be protected from (a)biotic stress during seed filling period in organic system of production in comparison to those from yellow seeds. Lipid peroxidation intensity (LP, biomarker of cell degradation and oxidative stress secondary effects, expressed as nmol malondialdehyde or MDA equivalents g-1 fresh weight) and antioxidant capacity (NBT-test, as antioxidant capacity of plant material expressing % of neutralization of reactive oxygen species or ROS produced during oxidative stress) were determined in leaves of soybean plants at the seed filling stage. Plant material tested in this research was soybean [Glycine max (L.)Merr.] leaves of two black (‘NS Blackstar’ and ‘NS Pantera’) and two yellow (‘Fortuna’ and ‘Galina’) soybean cultivars grown in experimental field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Department for Alternative Crops and Organic Production. Leaves of tested plants had different values of LP intensity (23-52 nmol MDA g-1 fresh weight) and capacity to neutralize ROS (61-88%), however, ‘Galina’ was highlighted with lower LP intensity (2-fold) and higher antioxidant activity (10-27%) during seed filling period. Since there is no clear difference between black and yellow cultivars in response to oxidative stress during seed filling stage of development, further analyses of biomolecules responsible for colour of seeds could explain which of these compounds participate, among other antioxidants, in oxidative stress defense mechanisms and should propose which cultivar would perform better in organic production system

Rutin content in seeds of European buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) cultivars

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is an important functional food and rich source of vitamins, essential amino acids and phenolics, responsible for many of the health benefits and antioxidant properties. This pseudocereal contains quercetin-3-rutinoside or rutin as a major phenol in seeds, approx. 90.4% of total flavonols content. Rutin is an antioxidant that has many pharmacologically useful properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antithrombotic, cytoprotective and vasoprotective effects. The aim of this study was to investigate content of rutin in seeds of cultivars from Western, Central Europe and Balkans: Serbia (´Novosadska´), Slovenia (´Darja´, ´Prekmurska´ and ´Cebelica´), Bosnia and Herzegovina (´Bosna 1´ and ´Bosna 2´), Montenegro (´Godijevo´ and ´Lokve´), Austria (´Bamby´), Czech Republic (´Ceska´), France (´La Harpe´), Slovakia (´Spacinska 1´) grown in the Balkan area and to compare them with indigenous Balkan buckwheat cultivars. Rutin content was determined using HPLC-DAD analysis, on a Thermo Finnigan Surveyor HPLC system with a diode array detector at 350 nm. ´Bosna 1´ (114.6 mg 100 g-1 dry weight) and ´Bosna 2´ (151.4 mg 100 g-1 dry weight) were highlighted with the greatest rutin content, 13.6-34.7 and 18.0-45.9 times higher than in other cultivars, respectively. Beside these two cultivars, a scale made according to rutin content in buckwheat seeds organise investigated cultivars in the following order: ´Novosadska´ > ´La Harpe´ >´ Godijevo´ >´ Darja´ > ´Cebelica´ > ´Bamby´ > ´Ceska´ > ´Spacinska 1´ > ´Prekmurska´ > ´Lokve´. These results suggest that indigenous buckwheat cultivars contain important dietary antioxidants and could be of great interest for buckwheat breeders and an important source of functional food due to significant differences in their contents among cultivars

The impact of drying on bioactive compounds of blue honeysuckle berries (Lonicera caerulea var. edulis Turcz. ex Herder)

Drying fruit is one of the simplest ways to extend the shelf-life of fruit, specially berries. Both higher temperature and time of heating significantly change the contents of some primary and secondary metabolites in honeysuckle fruit. Differences in their contents arising from different heat treatments were determined with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrophotometry (MS). The content of sugars showed a small change with drying, while organic acid contents decreased with a longer drying time. Ascorbic acid was totally degraded, regardless of the time or heating temperature. Different phenolic groups responded differently to heat intensity and time of drying. Flavanols were more sensitive to higher temperature than to duration of heating and they decreased by more than 70% at 75 °C. In contrast, the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, increased with drying by more than 75%, regardless of the time and temperature

Effectiveness of Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation on nodulation dynamics in Glycine max (L.) roots

Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteria on the intensity of nodulation during nine phenophases (R1-R7) in relation to the isoflavone content in soybean seeds. Nine domestic soybean varieties were sown in three replicates, with Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculated and non-inoculated seeds. The different morphological characteristics of nodules, the number and mass of nodules were studied during plants’ ontogenesis. The content of individual isoflavones in the sowing seed material was determined using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The most abundant isoflavone was acetylgenistin in the variety Galeb (2741.4 μg/g), and the highest content of all isoflavones was recorded in the variety Gorštak (8117.7 μg/g). The variety Sava of the inoculated treatment exhibited the highest average values of the nodule mass (21.1 mg) and the highest number of nodules (23.3) in the phenophase, in which 10% of pods reached full length (R4). The average values of mass and number of nodules were calculated for the entire vegetation period, being higher in the inoculated treatment. There was no positive correlation between the content of isoflavones in seeds and the number and mass of nodules. The impact of quantity of isoflavone on nodulation intensity in soybeans was not significant,, which could be related to already saturated soil with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

The Phenolic Profile of Sweet Cherry Fruits Influenced by Cultivar/Rootstock Combination

The influence of three cultivars (‘Carmen’, ‘Kordia’ and ‘Regina’) grafted on six rootstocks (Mahaleb, ‘Colt’, ‘Oblacinska’, ‘M × M 14′, ‘Gisela 5′ and ‘Gisela 6′) on the phenolic profile of sweet cherry fruits was studied during a two-year period. All the individual phenolic compounds were detected using high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array detection coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn). In all the examined samples, 54 compounds were identified and divided into five phenolic classes: anthocyanins (4 compounds), flavonols (7), flavanols (11), flavanones (4), and hydroxycinnamic acids (28). Anthocyanins (58%) and hydroxycinnamic acids (31%) showed the greatest amounts in all the examined fruit samples. PCA analysis revealed that among the cultivars, ‘Kordia’ showed the highest phenolic content. Regarding rootstocks, the lowest values of the most important phenolic compounds were obtained in fruits from trees grafted onto the seedling rootstock Mahaleb. Among the clonal rootstocks, the vigorous ‘Colt’ and dwarf ‘Gisela 5′ promoted the highest values of the evaluated phenolic compounds in the cultivars ‘Kordia’ and ‘Carmen’, while the dwarf ‘Oblacinska’ and semi-vigorous ‘M × M 14′ induced the highest values in the cultivar ‘Regina’. By evaluating the influence of cultivars and rootstocks on the phenolic content in fruit, it has been proven that the cultivar has the most significant influence. However, the rootstock also influences the content of a large number of phenolic compounds. The selection of an adequate cultivar/rootstock combination can also be a powerful tool for improving the phenolic content in fruits, and consequently the nutritional value of sweet cherry fruits. © 2022 by the authors

The Effects of the Cultivar and Environment on the Phenolic Contents of Hazelnut Kernels

Different climatic conditions are known to affect the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites. Therefore, the phenolic contents in new growing areas could affect the quality and flavor of hazelnuts. The aim of this study was to determine the variability of the phenolic contents of the kernels in different commercial hazelnut cultivars depending on their growing area. Five cultivars (‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’, ‘Merveille de Bollwiller’, ‘Pauetet’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’, and ‘Barcelona’ (syn. ‘Fertile de Coutard’)) grown in different European collection orchards were included in the study. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. Thirteen phenols were identified in the hazelnut kernels, including 7 flavanols, 2 hydroxybenzoic acids, 3 flavonols, and one dihydrochalcone. Catechin and procyanidin dimers were the main phenolic compounds found in the hazelnut kernels. The highest contents of catechin and total flavanols were determined in cultivars cultivated in Spain and northern Italy, and the lowest in Slovenia and France. Flavanols were the major phenolic groups independent of the place of cultivation, as they accounted for more than 50% of all phenolic compounds identified. The flavanols were followed by hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonols, and dihydrochalcones. Higher contents of flavanols and flavonols were found in kernels from areas characterized by higher natural irradiation, which stimulates their accumulation. The contents of hydroxybenzoic acids correlated with altitude, which stimulated phenolic acid synthesis. A negative correlation was observed between the dihydrochalcone content and annual rainfall, probably due to hydric stress.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Chemometric Characterization of Strawberries and Blueberries according to Their Phenolic Profile: Combined Effect of Cultivar and Cultivation System

Chemical characterizations of leaves and fruits that were obtained from organically and integrally produced strawberries ('Favette', 'Alba', and 'Clery') and blueberries ('Bluecrop', 'Duke', and 'Nui') from western Serbia were undertaken in this study. Phenolic analysis was done while using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a linear ion trap-Orbitrap hybrid mass analyzer, while total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and radical-scavenging activity (RSA) by spectrophotometry. In general, leaves and fruits from blueberry showed higher levels of TPC and TAC as compared to strawberry. These chemical traits were larger in organic grown fruits and larger in leaves than fruits. The most abundant phenolics in leaves and fruits of blueberry was 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, followed by quercetin 3-O-galactoside, while catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol 3-O-glucosid were dominant in the leaves and fruits of strawberry. cis, trans-Abscisic acid was detected in all fruit samples, but not in leaves. Blueberries (both fruits and leaves) were separated from strawberries, but only organic blueberry fruits were distinguished from integrated fruits, according to principal component analysis. Quercetin, kaempferol, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were the most influential phenolic compounds for the separation. Much higher contents of TPC, RSA, TAC, quercetin 3-O-galactoside, and quercetin were found in fruits and TPC, RSA, catechin, p-hydroxybenzoicacid, p-coumaricacid, and ferulic acid in leaves in all three blueberry cultivars and the strawberry cultivar 'Clery'. These phenolic compounds are good sources of antioxidant compounds with potentially high beneficial effects on human health