Федеральный закон о Национальной электронной библиотеке и начало его реализации

There is considered the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of 03.07.2016 no. 342-FZ “On the Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On Librarianship’ in part of creation of the Federal State Infor-mation System ‘National Electronic Library’ ” (NEL). This law creates the legal basis for the functioning of the new state information system NEL. There are analyzed the provisions of the Federal law defining the notion of the “Federal State Information System ‘National Electronic Library’ ”, Regulations on the NEL objects, NEL participants, NEL online catalogue, etc. Separately considered the functions and authority of the operator of NEL - the Russian State Library. Statistics on the current phase of NEL operation is provided.Рассматривается Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 03.07.2016 г. № 342-ФЗ «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон “О библиотечном деле” в части создания федеральной государственной информационной системы “Национальная электронная библиотека”» (НЭБ). Этот закон создает правовую основу для функционирования новой государственной информационной системы НЭБ. Анализируются нормы закона, определяющие понятие «федеральная государственная информационная система “Национальная электронная библиотека”», положение об объектах НЭБ, участниках НЭБ, электронном каталоге НЭБ и др. Отдельно рассматриваются функции и полномочия оператора НЭБ - Российской государственной библиотеки. Приводится статистика о современном этапе функционирования НЭБ

Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H₂O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

Global dust storms on Mars are rare but can affect the Martian atmosphere for several months. They can cause changes in atmospheric dynamics and inflation of the atmosphere, primarily owing to solar heating of the dust. In turn, changes in atmospheric dynamics can affect the distribution of atmospheric water vapour, with potential implications for the atmospheric photochemistry and climate on Mars. Recent observations of the water vapour abundance in the Martian atmosphere during dust storm conditions revealed a high-altitude increase in atmospheric water vapour that was more pronounced at high northern latitudes, as well as a decrease in the water column at low latitudes. Here we present concurrent, high-resolution measurements of dust, water and semiheavy water (HDO) at the onset of a global dust storm, obtained by the NOMAD and ACS instruments onboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. We report the vertical distribution of the HDO/H O ratio (D/H) from the planetary boundary layer up to an altitude of 80 kilometres. Our findings suggest that before the onset of the dust storm, HDO abundances were reduced to levels below detectability at altitudes above 40 kilometres. This decrease in HDO coincided with the presence of water-ice clouds. During the storm, an increase in the abundance of H2O and HDO was observed at altitudes between 40 and 80 kilometres. We propose that these increased abundances may be the result of warmer temperatures during the dust storm causing stronger atmospheric circulation and preventing ice cloud formation, which may confine water vapour to lower altitudes through gravitational fall and subsequent sublimation of ice crystals. The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere

Web-based Tool for Fast and Accurate de novo Inference of Regulons in the Sets of Closely Related Bacterial Genomes

One of the major challenges for the bioinformatics community in view of constantly growing number of complete genomes is providing effective tools to enable high-quality reconstruction of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRN). Definition of a particular TRN includes specification of which transcription factors (TF) bind to TF-binding sites (TFBS) in the promoter regions of which genes and what is the integrated effect of all these TFs on the expression of al these genes. Reconstruction of TRNs helps to better understand the metabolism and functions of bacteria. Among different approaches that are used for TRN reconstruction are an expression data-driven approach, and comparative genomic approaches that are either computing-driven, or subsystem (pathway) -driven. DNA microarrays, reporting gene expression, continue to be an important tool for high-throughput measurements on transcriptional levels, and machine-learning approaches were used to identify TRN (without a TFBS component) from a compendium of microarray expression profiles . However, in many cases the complexity of the interactions between regulons makes it difficult to distinguish between direct and indirect effects on transcription. Availability of a large number of complete genomes opens an opportunity to apply modern approaches of comparative genomics to expand the known regulons to yet uncharacterized organisms and to predict and describe new regulons with high precision

Computational reconstruction of iron- and manganese-responsive transcriptional networks in alpha-proteobacteria

We used comparative genomics to investigate the distribution of conserved DNA-binding motifs in the regulatory regions of genes involved in iron and manganese homeostasis in alpha-proteobacteria. Combined with other computational approaches, this allowed us to reconstruct the metal regulatory network in more than three dozen species with available genome sequences. We identified several classes of cis-acting regulatory DNA motifs (Irr-boxes or ICEs, RirA-boxes, Iron-Rhodo-boxes, Fur-alpha-boxes, Mur-box or MRS, MntR-box, and IscR-boxes) in regulatory regions of various genes involved in iron and manganese uptake, Fe-S and heme biosynthesis, iron storage, and usage. Despite the different nature of the iron regulons in selected lineages of alpha-proteobacteria, the overall regulatory network is consistent with, and confirmed by, many experimental observations. This study expands the range of genes involved in iron homeostasis and demonstrates considerable interconnection between iron-responsive regulatory systems. The detailed comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the regulatory systems allowed us to propose a theory about the possible evolution of Fe and Mn regulons in alpha-proteobacteria. The main evolutionary event likely occurred in the common ancestor of the Rhizobiales and Rhodobacterales, where the Fur protein switched to regulating manganese transporters (and hence Fur had become Mur). In these lineages, the role of global iron homeostasis was taken by RirA and Irr, two transcriptional regulators that act by sensing the physiological consequence of the metal availability rather than its concentration per se, and thus provide for more flexible regulation

Multiple Alignment of the Upstream Regions of the <i>iscR-suf</i> Operons in the Rhodobacteraceae Species

<p>Multiple Alignment of the Upstream Regions of the <i>iscR-suf</i> Operons in the Rhodobacteraceae Species</p

Validation of the Predicted RirA Recognition Motif in R. leguminosarum by Site-Directed Mutagenesis

<div><p>(A) RirA-box in the common intergenic region of the RirA-regulated <i>vbsC</i> and <i>rpoI</i> genes in R. leguminosarum. The sequence of this region is shown where the transcription start sites are in bold and marked by arrows. The previously identified IRO-boxes for <i>vbsC</i> and <i>rpoI</i> [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020163#pcbi-0020163-b041" target="_blank">41</a>] are under the dashed line brackets. The highly conserved “TGA” and “TCA” in the newly described RirA-box are highlighted.</p><p>(B) Effect of mutating the conserved regions of the RirA-boxes on Fe-responsive expression of <i>rpoI-lacZ</i> and <i>vbsC-lacZ</i> transcriptional fusions. The previously described [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020163#pcbi-0020163-b041" target="_blank">41</a>] plasmids pBIO1328 and pBIO1306 are based on the wide host-range promoter probe plasmid pMP220 [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020163#pcbi-0020163-b080" target="_blank">80</a>] and contain the promoter and regulatory regions of <i>rpoI</i> and <i>vbsC,</i> respectively, fused to its promoter-less <i>lacZ</i> gene. In addition, four new sets of mutant derivatives were made, in which the conserved “TGA” and “TCA” sequences of the RirA-box were substituted, using methods described by Yeoman et al. (2004). Mutant derivatives of pBIO1328 and pBIO1306 with substitutions of the conserved TGA and TCA sequences of the RirA-box were made using the Stratagene ExSite PCR-based Site-directed Mutagenesis kit, with each of these two plasmids being used as template and a suitable oligonucleotide as the mutagenic primer. The mutated forms are shown with dark backgrounds. Each of the six plasmids was individually mobilized into wild type <i>R. leguminosarum.</i> Transconjugants were grown in Fe-replete and Fe-depleted medium and assayed in triplicate for β-galactosidase activity as in Wexler et al. [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020163#pcbi-0020163-b081" target="_blank">81</a>].</p></div

Sequence Logos for the Predicted Irr Recognition Motifs (ICEs) in Various Groups of α-Proteobacteria

<div><p>(A) Rhizobiaceae plus <i>Mesorhizobium, Brucella,</i> and <i>Bartonella</i> species.</p><p>(B) Bradyrhizobiaceae group.</p><p>(C) Rhodobacteraceae group.</p><p>(D) Rhodospirillales group.</p></div

Sequence Logos for the Predicted Regulatory Sites in α-Proteobacteria

<div><p>(A) RirA-box (IRO) in eight species from the Rhizobiales order (four Rhizobiaceae, two <i>Mesorhizobium</i> species, <i>Brucella,</i> and <i>Bartonella</i>).</p><p>(B) Iron-Rhodo-box in the Rhodobacteraceae.</p><p>(C) Mur-box (MRS) in the Rhodobacteraceae/Rhizobiales.</p><p>(D) Fur^α-box in other α-proteobacteria species.</p><p>(E) IscR^α-I motif in the Rhodobacterales, the Rickettsia, <i>Pelagibacter, Oceanicaulis, Caulobacter, Parvularcula, Rhodospirillum,</i> and <i>Magnetospirillum</i> species.</p><p>(F) IscR^α-II motif in the Sphingomonadales and <i>Gluconobacter</i> species.</p></div