Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales : second update 2018

In October 2018, the order Bunyavirales was amended by inclusion of the family Arenaviridae, abolishment of three families, creation of three new families, 19 new genera, and 14 new species, and renaming of three genera and 22 species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).Non peer reviewe

The First Case Report of West Nile Virus-Induced Acute Flaccid Quadriplegia in Canada

The 1999 New York City outbreak of West Nile virus (WNV) was associated with a high incidence of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) where the outcomes for these patients were very poor. We describe a case of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease (WNVND) characterized by acute flaccid quadriplegia with a favorable outcome in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

ICTV virus taxonomy profile : peribunyaviridae

Peribunyaviruses are enveloped and possess three distinct, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments comprising 11.2–12.5 kb in total. The family includes globally distributed viruses in the genera Orthobunyavirus, Herbevirus, Pacuvirus and Shangavirus. Most viruses are maintained in geographically-restricted vertebrate–arthropod transmission cycles that can include transovarial transmission from arthropod dam to offspring. Others are arthropod-specific. Arthropods can be persistently infected. Human infection occurs through blood feeding by an infected vector arthropod. Infections can result in a diversity of human and veterinary clinical outcomes in a strain-specific manner. Segment reassortment is evident between some peribunyaviruses. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the family Peribunyaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae1011FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP17/13981–0Production of this summary, the online chapter, and associated resources was funded by a grant from the Wellcome Trust (WT108418AIA). W. M. S. is supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, Brazil (17/13981–0

ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Peribunyaviridae

Peribunyaviruses are enveloped and possess three distinct, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA segments comprising 11.2–12.5 kb in total. The family includes globally distributed viruses in the genera Orthobunyavirus, Herbevirus, Pacuvirus and Shangavirus. Most viruses are maintained in geographically-restricted vertebrate–arthropod transmission cycles that can include transovarial transmission from arthropod dam to offspring. Others are arthropod-specific. Arthropods can be persistently infected. Human infection occurs through blood feeding by an infected vector arthropod. Infections can result in a diversity of human and veterinary clinical outcomes in a strain-specific manner. Segment reassortment is evident between some peribunyaviruses. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the family Peribunyaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae

MS-H: A Novel Proteomic Approach to Isolate and Type the <em>E. coli</em> H Antigen Using Membrane Filtration and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

<div><p>Serotyping is the long-standing gold standard method to determine <i>E. coli</i> H antigens; however, this method requires a panel of H-antigen specific antibodies and often culture-based induction of the H-antigen flagellar motility. In this study, a rapid and accurate method to isolate and identify the <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) H flagellar antigen was developed using membrane filtration and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Flagella were isolated from pure culture, digested with trypsin, and then subjected to LC-MS/MS using one of two systems (Agilent-nano-LC-QSTAR XL or Proxeon-nano-LC-LTQ-Orbitrap XL). The resulting peptide sequence data were searched against a custom <i>E. coli</i> flagella/H antigen database. This approach was evaluated using flagella isolated from reference <i>E. coli</i> strains representing all 53 known H antigen types and 41 clinical <i>E. coli</i> strains. The resulting LC-MS/MS classifications of H antigen types (MS-H) were concordant with the known H serogroup for all 53 reference types, and of 41 clinical isolates tested, 38 (92.7%) were concordant with the known H serogroup. MS-H clearly also identified two clinical isolates (4.9%) that were untypeable by serotyping. Notably, successful detection and classification of flagellar antigens with MS-H did not generally require induction of motility, establishing this proteomic approach as more rapid and cost-effective than traditional methods, while providing equitable specificity for typing <i>E. coli</i> H antigens.</p> </div

H7 identification of reference strains by MS-H with the QSTAR platform^a.

a<p>11 known H7 positive <i>E. coli</i> strains and one non-motile strain (E32511) were twice tested for MS-H, and the sequence coverage were obtained by Mascot database search.</p

Comparison of H serotyping and MS-H of <i>E. coli</i>.

<p>Comparison of H serotyping and MS-H of <i>E. coli</i>.</p

MS-H identification of all references strains with the QSTAR platform^a.

<p>UI, unidentified strain.</p>a<p>Known reference strains encompassing all 53 H types were tested by MS-H. If a primary strain could not be identified after three consecutive MS-H analyses, an alternate strain was selected for MS-H typing.</p

Side-by-side comparison of H serotyping and MS-H typing of <i>E. coli</i> H types with the Orbitrap platform^a.

<p>-, serotyping titration or MS identification was not reached.</p>a<p>Serotyping and MS-H were performed concurrently from subcultures of single bacterial colonies. MS-H was repeated on two consecutive days; <b>^b</b>motility induction was performed for these inconsistent strains after initial MS-H; ^cuntypeable by serotyping although previous MS and PCR-based sequencing showed type H21; ^dusing designated antisera by MS-H.</p

Diagnostic specificity, sample stability and run-to-run repeatability test results for MS-H with the Orbitrap platform^a.

<p>NM, non-motile; N/A, not attainable.</p>a<p>The same flagella digest was tested by LC-MS/MS three times within a one-week period; ^ba two-year old residual digest was re-used.</p