142 research outputs found

    Formulation, caractérisation, modélisation et prévision du comportement thermomécanique des piÚces plastiques et composites de fibres de bois : application aux engrenages

    Get PDF
    Cette Ă©tude permet d’adapter des matĂ©riaux composites thermoplastiques Ă  fibres de bois aux engrenages, de fabriquer de nouvelles gĂ©nĂ©rations d’engrenages et de prĂ©dire le comportement thermique de ces engrenages. AprĂšs une large revue de la littĂ©rature sur les matĂ©riaux thermoplastiques (polyĂ©thylĂšne et polypropylĂšne) renforcĂ©s par les fibres de bois (bouleau et tremble), sur la formulation et l’étude du comportement thermomĂ©canique des engrenages en plastique-composite; une relation a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tablie avec notre prĂ©sente thĂšse de doctorat. En effet, beaucoup d’études sur la formulation et la caractĂ©risation des matĂ©riaux composites Ă  fibres de bois ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©jĂ  rĂ©alisĂ©es, mais aucune ne s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e Ă  la fabrication des engrenages. Les diffĂ©rentes techniques de formulation tirĂ©es de la littĂ©rature ont facilitĂ© l’obtention d’un matĂ©riau composite ayant presque les mĂȘmes propriĂ©tĂ©s que les matĂ©riaux plastiques (nylon, acĂ©tal
) utilisĂ©s dans la conception des engrenages. La formulation des matĂ©riaux thermoplastiques renforcĂ©s par les fibres de bois a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e au Centre de recherche en matĂ©riaux lignocellulosiques (CRML) de l’UniversitĂ© du QuĂ©bec Ă  Trois-RiviĂšres (UQTR), en collaboration avec le dĂ©partement de GĂ©nie MĂ©canique, en mĂ©langeant les composites avec deux rouleaux sur une machine de type Thermotron-C.W. Brabender (modĂšle T-303, Allemand) ; puis des piĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© fabriquĂ©es par thermocompression. Les thermoplastiques utilisĂ©s dans le cadre de cette thĂšse sont le polypropylĂšne (PP) et le polyĂ©thylĂšne haute densitĂ© (HDPE), avec comme renfort des fibres de bouleau et de tremble. À cause de l’incompatibilitĂ© entre la fibre de bois et le thermoplastique, un traitement chimique Ă  l’aide d’un agent de couplage a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© pour augmenter les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques des matĂ©riaux composites. Pour les composites polypropylĂšne/bois : ‱ Les modules Ă©lastiques et les contraintes Ă  la rupture en traction des composites PP/bouleau et PP/tremble Ă©voluent linĂ©airement en fonction du taux de fibres, avec ou sans agent de couplage (MalĂ©ate de polypropylĂšne MAPP). De plus, l’adhĂ©rence entre les fibres de bois et le plastique est amĂ©liorĂ©e en utilisant seulement 3 % MAPP, entraĂźnant donc une augmentation de la contrainte maximale bien qu’aucun effet significatif ne soit observĂ© sur le module d’élasticitĂ©. ‱ Les rĂ©sultats obtenus montrent que, en gĂ©nĂ©ral, les propriĂ©tĂ©s en traction des composites polypropylĂšne/bouleau, polypropylĂšne/tremble et polypropylĂšne/bouleau/ tremble sont trĂšs semblables. Les composites plastique-bois (WPCs), en particulier ceux contenant 30 % et 40 % de fibres, ont des modules Ă©lastiques plus Ă©levĂ©s que certains plastiques utilisĂ©s dans l’application des engrenages (ex. Nylon). Pour les composites polyĂ©thylĂšne/bois, avec 3%MalĂ©ate de polyĂ©thylĂšne (MAPE): ‱ Tests de traction : le module Ă©lastique passe de 1.34 GPa Ă  4.19 GPa pour le composite HDPE/bouleau, alors qu’il passe de 1.34 GPa Ă  3.86 GPa pour le composite HDPE/tremble. La contrainte maximale passe de 22 MPa Ă  42.65 MPa pour le composite HDPE/bouleau, alors qu’elle passe de 22 MPa Ă  43.48 MPa pour le composite HDPE/tremble. ‱ Tests de flexion : le module Ă©lastique passe de 1.04 GPa Ă  3.47 GPa pour le composite HDPE/bouleau et Ă  3.64 GPa pour le composite HDPE/tremble. La contrainte maximale passe de 23.90 MPa Ă  66.70 MPa pour le composite HDPE/bouleau, alors qu’elle passe Ă  59.51 MPa pour le composite HDPE/tremble. ‱ Le coefficient de Poisson dĂ©terminĂ© par impulsion acoustique est autour de 0.35 pour tous les composites HDPE/bois. ‱ Le test de dĂ©gradation thermique TGA nous rĂ©vĂšle que les matĂ©riaux composites prĂ©sentent une stabilitĂ© thermique intermĂ©diaire entre les fibres de bois et la matrice HDPE. ‱ Le test de mouillabilitĂ© (angle de contact) rĂ©vĂšle que l’ajout de fibres de bois ne diminue pas de façon significative les angles de contact avec de l’eau parce que les fibres de bois (bouleau ou tremble) semblent ĂȘtre enveloppĂ©es par la matrice sur la surface des composites, comme le montrent des images prises au microscope Ă©lectronique Ă  balayage MEB. ‱ Le modĂšle de Lavengoof-Goettler prĂ©dit mieux le module Ă©lastique du composite thermoplastique/bois. ‱ Le HDPE renforcĂ© par 40 % de bouleau est mieux adaptĂ© pour la fabrication des engrenages, car le retrait est moins important lors du refroidissement au moulage. Afin de mieux prĂ©dire le comportement thermique des engrenages (30 dents dans cette thĂšse), les paramĂštres intrinsĂšques du matĂ©riau composite dĂ©terminĂ©s sont : ‱ Module Ă©lastique E ‱ Masse volumique ρ ‱ Coefficient de Poisson υ ‱ ConductibilitĂ© thermique k ‱ Chaleur spĂ©cifique C ‱ Coefficient d’amortissement tan ÎŽ Le test de DMA (analyse mĂ©canique dynamique) nous rĂ©vĂšle que le module de stockage E’ diminue avec la tempĂ©rature, mais augmente avec le taux de fibres de bois. Le module de perte E’’ augmente Ă  basse tempĂ©rature, atteint un maximum, puis diminue Ă  haute tempĂ©rature, mais augmente aussi avec le taux de fibre de bois. Enfin, un dernier paramĂštre, le taux d’amortissent tan ÎŽ augmente avec la tempĂ©rature, mais diminue en fonction du taux de fibres. Les essais expĂ©rimentaux sur les engrenages en composite HDPE/40%bouleau, dĂ©signĂ© « GEAR40B » (Z1=Z2=30), donnent les rĂ©sultats suivants : Le couple admis par les engrenages Ă  une vitesse de 500 tr/min est 12.5 N.m. ‱ À 500 tr/min, la tempĂ©rature d’équilibre Tb augmente de 43.5 % (33.79 °C Ă  48.52 °C), alors qu’à 1000 tr/min, elle augmente de 50.71 % (35.45 °C Ă  53.43 °C). ‱ Tb augmente de 5 %, 8 %, 9 % et 10 % respectivement pour les couples 2.5 N.m, 5 N.m, 7.5 N.m et 10 N.m quand on double la vitesse de rotation (500 tr/min Ă  1000 tr/min). ‱ Tb diminue au fur Ă  mesure qu’on s’éloigne du point de contact, en allant vers le centre de l’engrenage. Quant Ă  la simulation thermomĂ©canique avec MATLAB sur les engrenages « GEAR40B » (Z1=Z2=30), les rĂ©sultats sont les suivants : ‱ Les tempĂ©ratures d’équilibre maximales sont sur le flanc chargĂ© de l’engrenage. On observe une diminution de la tempĂ©rature d’équilibre non seulement en allant vers le flanc non chargĂ©, mais aussi en allant vers le centre de l’engrenage. ‱ Tout comme dans le cas de la mĂ©thode expĂ©rimentale, la tempĂ©rature d’équilibre moyenne Tb Ă©volue linĂ©airement indĂ©pendamment de la vitesse de rotation (500 tr/min ou 1000 tr/min) en fonction du couple appliquĂ©. La simulation numĂ©rique semble mieux prĂ©dire la tempĂ©rature d’équilibre Ă  la vitesse de 500 tr/min; alors qu’à 1000 tr/min, on remarque une divergence du modĂšle. This study allows to adapt wood-plastic composites (WPCs) to gears, to create new gears generations and to predict the thermal behaviour of these gears. After a major review of the literature on thermoplastic materials (polyethylene and polypropylene) reinforced by wood fibers (birch and aspen), on the formulation and the thermomechanical behaviour study of composite plastic gears; a relationship has been established with our current PhD thesis. Indeed, many studies on the formulation and characterization of the WPCs have already been carried out, but none has focused on gears manufacturing. The various formulation techniques of the literature have facilitated the production of a composite material having almost the same characteristics as the plastic materials (nylon, acetal, etc.) used in the gears design. The WPCs formulation was carried out at the Research Center for Lignocellulosic Materials of the University of Quebec at Trois-RiviĂšres (UQTR), in collaboration with the Department of Mechanical Engineering, by blending composites with two rolls of Thermotron-C.W. Brabender machine (German model T-303), then parts were made by thermocompression. Thermoplastics used in this thesis are polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), with birch and aspen fiber as reinforcement. Because of the incompatibility between wood fiber and thermoplastic, a chemical treatment using a coupling agent has been performed to increase the mechanical properties of WPCs. For polypropylene/wood composites: ‱ Elastic moduli and tensile strengths of PP/birch and PP/aspen composites evolve linearly with the rate of fibres, with or without coupling agent (maleated polypropylene, MAPP). In addition, the adhesion between the wood fibers and the plastic is improved using only 3% MAPP, thus resulting in an increase in the tensile strength although no significant effect is observed on the Elastic modulus. ‱ The results obtained show that, in general, the tensile properties of the PP/birch, PP/aspen and PP/birch/aspen composites are very similar. WPCs, especially those containing 30% and 40% wood fibers, have higher elastic moduli than some plastics used for gears application (e.g. Nylon). For polyethylene/wood composites, with 3% Maleated polyethylene (MAPE): ‱ Tensile tests: the elastic modulus increases from 1.34 GPa to 4.19 GPa for the HDPE/birch composite, while it goes from 1.34 GPa to 3.86 GPa for the HDPE/aspen composite. The tensile strength increased from 22 MPa to 42.65 MPa for the HDPE/birch composite, while it increased from 22 MPa to 43.48 MPa for the HDPE/aspen composite. ‱ Flexural tests: the elastic modulus increases from 1.04 GPa to 3.47 GPa for the HDPE/birch composite and to 3.64 GPa for the HDPE/aspen composite. The flexural strength increases from 23.90 MPa to 66.70 MPa for the HDPE/birch composite, while it increases to 59.51 MPa for the HDPE/aspen composite. ‱ The Poisson’s ratio determined by the acoustic pulse is around 0.35 for all HDPE/wood composites. ‱ Thermal degradation (TGA) tests reveal that composite materials have intermediate thermal stability between wood fibers and the HDPE matrix. ‱ The wettability test (contact angle) reveals that the addition of wood fibers (birch or aspen) does not significantly reduce contact angles with water because the wood fibers appear to be wrapped by the matrix on the surface of the composites, as shown by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. ‱ The Lavengoof-Goettler model better predicts the elastic modulus of the WPCs. ‱ HDPE reinforced with 40% birch is better suited for gear manufacturing, as shrinkage is less important during casting cooling. To better predict the thermal behaviour of gears (30 teeth in this thesis case), the intrinsic parameters of the determined composite materials are: ‱ Elastic modulus E ‱ Density ρ ‱ Poisson’s ratio υ ‱ Thermal conductivity k ‱ Specific heat C ‱ Damping factor tan ÎŽ A Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) test reveals that the storage module E’ decreases with temperature but increases with the rate of wood fibers. The loss module E'' increases at low temperature, reaches a maximum, then decreases at high temperature, but also increases with the rate of wood fibers. Finally, a last parameter, the damping factor tan ÎŽ increases with the temperature, but decreases according to the rate of fibers. The gears experimental tests made of HDPE/40% birch composite, designated « GEAR40B » (Z1 = Z2 = 30), give the following results: ‱ The torque admitted by the gears at a speed of 500 revolutions per minutes (rpm) is 12.5 Newton metre (N.m). ‱ At 500 rpm, the bulk temperature (equilibrium temperature )Tb increases by 43.5% (33.79 °C to 48.52 °C), while at 1000 rpm, it increases by 50.71% (35.45 °C to 53.43 °C). ‱ Tb increases by 5%, 8%, 9% and 10% respectively for torques 2.5 N.m, 5 N.m, 7.5 N.m and 10 N.m when the rotation speed is doubled (500 rpm to 1000 rpm). ‱ Tb decreases as one moves away from the point of contact, towards the center of the gear. For the thermomechanical simulation with MATLAB on the “GEAR40B” gears (Z1 = Z2 = 30), the results are as follows: ‱ The maximal bulk temperature Tb are on the loaded side of the gear. A decrease of Tb is observed not only towards the unloaded side, but also towards the center of the gear. ‱ As in the case of the experimental method, Tb evolves linearly regardless of the rotation speed (500 rpm or 1000 rpm) depending on the applied torque. Numerical simulation seems to better predict the bulk temperature at the speed of 500 rpm; while at 1000 rpm, there is a divergence of the model

    Estimating the burden of rheumatoid arthritis in Africa:A systematic analysis

    Get PDF
    Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has an estimated worldwide prevalence of 1%. It is one of the leading causes of chronic morbidity in the developed world, but little is known about the disease burden in Africa. RA is often seen as a minor health problem and has been neglected in research and resource allocation throughout Africa despite potentially fatal systemic manifestations. This review aims to identify all relevant epidemiological literature pertaining to the occurrence of RA in Africa and calculate the prevalence and burden of disease

    Qualite de vie du Personnel Hospitalier Lombalgique A Lome (Togo)

    Get PDF
    Objectif: DĂ©crire les consĂ©quences de la lombalgie commune sur la qualitĂ© de vie du personnel hospitalier du CHR LomĂ© Commune (CHR LC). Patients et MĂ©thode: Il s’est agi d’une Ă©tude transversale rĂ©alisĂ©e du 15 dĂ©cembre 2018 au 15 mars 2019 par autoquestionnaire auprĂšs de 126 membres du personnel soignant hospitalier du CHR LC. La qualitĂ© de vie a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e par le Questionnaire d’Owestry. RĂ©sultats: Soixante-dix neuf travailleurs sur 126 (62, 7 %) ont rapportĂ© une lombalgie au cours des 12 mois prĂ©cĂ©dant l’enquĂȘte. Le score d’Owestry a mis en Ă©vidence une incapacitĂ© minimale chez 74,2% des soignants, modĂ©rĂ©e chez 17,9%, sĂ©vĂšre chez 3,2% et extrĂȘme chez 1,6% d’entre-eux. Les domaines les plus frĂ©quemment affectĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© : le port d’objets lourds (69%), les positions debout (65%) ou assise (51,3%) prolongĂ©es, la marche (50,7%), et l’intensitĂ© de la douleur (48,8%). Conclusion: L’impact de la lombalgie sur la qualitĂ© de vie des soignants est rĂ©el au CHR LC. Les positions debout et assise, le port d’objets lourds, et la vie sociale sont les domaines oĂč l’incapacitĂ© est la plus sĂ©vĂšre. La mise en oeuvre de programmes de prĂ©vention de la lombalgie est necessaire pour rĂ©duire cet impact. Objective: To describe the relationship between low back pain and quality of life among health professionals in CHR LomĂ© Commune (CHR LC). Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from December 2018 to March 2019 and included 126 staff members who filled-in the French version of the Oswestry Disability Index. Results: One hundred and twenty-six health professionals (70.8%) responded to the survey. Seventynine (62.7%) of the hospital staff reported low back pain during the preceding year. Professional activity was restricted in six workers (7,5%). The Owestry Index reflected minimal disability in 74,2% of care providres, and moderate disability to severe disability in 25.8% of them. Lifting (69%), standing (65%), sitting (51,3%), travelling (50,7%), and pain intensity (48,8%) were the most commonly reported. Conclusion: Impact of low back pain on the health professionals’ quality of life is serious in CHR LC. Standing, sitting, lifting, and sex are the most seriously affected. Strategies should be implemented to prevent occupational back pain

    Prevalence et Facteurs de Risque de Lombalgie Chez Le Personnel Soignant A Lome (Togo)

    Get PDF
    Objectif: DĂ©crire la frĂ©quence et les facteurs de risque associĂ©s Ă  la lombalgie commune chez le personnel soignant du CHR LomĂ© Commune (CHR LC). Patients et MĂ©thode: Il s’est agi d’une Ă©tude transversale rĂ©alisĂ©e du 15 dĂ©cembre 2018 au 15 mars 2019 par autoquestionnaire auprĂšs de 126 membres du personnel soignant hospitalier du CHR LC. RĂ©sultats: 79 travailleurs sur 126 ont rapportĂ© une lombalgie au cours des 12 mois prĂ©cĂ©dant l’enquĂȘte soit une prĂ©valence de 62, 7 %. Ils se rĂ©partissaient en 51 femmes et 28 hommes. Il s’agissait majoritairement d’infirmiers (37 cas, 29,4%) et de gardes malades (24cas, 19%). L’ñge moyen des lombalgiques Ă©tait de 42 ± 8,1 ans. Les facteurs de risque identifiĂ©s Ă©taient l’ñge (p=0,002), le sexe fĂ©minin (p=0,026), et la non connaissance des rĂšgles d’hygiĂšne de la colonne vertĂ©brale (p=0,034). La prise en charge de la lombalgie a Ă©tĂ© essentiellement symptomatique et a reposĂ© sur les antalgiques (88,9%), les AINS (80,5%), et la kinĂ©sithĂ©rapie (53,2%). Seuls 28 soignants (26,6%) connaissaient les rĂšgles d’hygiĂšne de la colonne. Trente-quatre soignants (43%) avaient bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’un arrĂȘt de travail d’une durĂ©e moyenne de 09 jours ± 7,5. Le nombre total de journĂ©es de travail perdues Ă©tait 281. Deux soignants (2,5%) avaient bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’un changement de poste, et quatre soignants (5,1%) d’un amĂ©nagement de poste (sortie du tour de garde). Conclusion: L’impact de la lombalgie sur la vie professionnelle des soignants justifie une senbilisation de ceux-ci aux facteurs de risque et aux mesures prĂ©ventives. Objective: To describe the prevalence and the factors associated with low back pain among the health professionals in CHR LomĂ© Commune (CHR LC) in Togo. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from December 2018 to March 2019 and included 126 staff members who filled-in a self-reported questionnaire. Results: 79 health workers (62.7%) among the 126 hospital staff reported low back pain during the preceding twelve months. They were 51 women and 28 men. The mean age of LBP patients was 42±8.1 years. The majority were nurses (37 cases, 29.4%) and nurse aides (24 cases, 19%). Their mean age was 42 ± 8,1 years. Factors associated with Low back pain included age (p=0.002), female gender (p=0.026), and lack of knowledge of back care techniques (p=0.034). Analgesics (88.9%), NSAID (80.5%), and physiotherapy (53.2%) were the most used tratements. Only 21 staff members (26,6%) knew back care techniques. Days off duty (absenteeism) has been observed in 34 (43%) of the hospitalstaff (mean : 09 days ± 7,5, total number of 281 days during the period of the survey). Professional activities were restricted in 6 cases (7,5%). Conclusion The professionnal impact of low back pain on health professionals is considerable. Risk factors and preventive measures should be taught

    Lomboradiculalgie Du Sujet ÂgĂ© En Consultation Rhumatologique À LomĂ©, Togo

    Get PDF
    Objective: To study the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and outcome aspects of low back pain with radicular pain in rheumatology ward at Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital at Lome, TOGO. Methods: It is a cross sectional study of 298 patients of 65 years and above, suffering from low back pain with radicular pain. They were admitted in the rheumatology ward of Sylvanus Olympio Teaching Hospital from January 2010 to December 2015. Results: 298 out of 768 patients examined within a period of five years (38.80%) were suffering from low back pain with radicular pain. These 298 patients comprises of 215 women (72.15%) and 83 men (27.85%) with an average age of 62.04 years at the onset. The mean age at the consultation was 70.72 ± 5.5 years. The mean duration of the diseases was 10.28 ± 23.81 months. The major diseases observed were degenerative disc (279 cases : 93.61%), bone tumors (16 cases : 5.38%), and spondylodiscitis (03 cases : 1.01%). The clinical manifestations of the degenerative disc of the lumbar spine were the LBP (209 cases : 74,91%) European Scientific Journal October 2017 edition Vol.13, No.30 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 223 and the narrowed lumbar canal (47 cases : 16.85%). The bone tumors were dominated by prostate cancer (five cases : 12,02%). The spondylodiscitis, probably of tuberculous origin, affected three patients, among whom was one Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patient. Conclusion: Degenerative disc is a frequent pathology nowadays, both in the Togolese population and in the elderly in particular. Nevertheless, efforts should be made to eliminate specific back pain in the elderly, whose clinical picture may be misleading

    Profil Des Infections Ostéoarticulaires En Consultation Rhumatologique Au CHU- Kara (Togo)

    Get PDF
    Introduction: Osteoarticular infections remain public health problems in Africa. We aim at determining the clinical forms, topographic and etiological osteoarticular infections in a rheumatology unit of northern Togo. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study from April 2012 to March 2015 on inpatient records having suffered from musculoskeletal infection. Results: Of the 1813 patients admitted to the department in three years, 86 (4.74%) suffered from musculoskeletal infection. Of them, 36 (41.86%) were men and 50 (58.1% 4) were women, with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.72. The mean age of the patients was 45 years. The mean duration of disease progression was 3.5 months. The different clinical forms observed were: spondylitis (47 patients, 54.65%), infectious arthritis (31 cases, 36.05%) and osteomyelitis (eight cases; 9.30%). The infection was likely tuberculous in 53 patients (61.63%), including 44 cases of Pott's disease. A banal germ was mentioned in the 33 others patients (38.37%). In four cases, the germ was isolated: Staphylococcus aureus (three cases) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (one case). The joints most affected by the infection were the hip (nine patients) and the knee (eight patients). Infection was multifocal in 14 cases (16.27%). The main risk factors for the infection identified were: promiscuity and poor hygiene (59.30%), alcoholism (26.74%) and retroviral infection (12.79%). Conclusion: This study and joint infections are a common reason for rheumatology consultation in northern Togo with a significant share of multifocal forms

    Mechanical properties,wettability and thermal degradation of HDPE/birch fiber composite

    Get PDF
    Wood-plastic composites have emerged and represent an alternative to conventional composites reinforced with synthetic carbon fiber or glass fiber-polymer. A wide variety of wood fibers are used in WPCs including birch fiber. Birch is a common hardwood tree that grows in cool areas such as the province of Quebec, Canada. The effect of the filler proportion on the mechanical properties, wettability, and thermal degradation of high-density polyethylene/birch fiber composite was studied. High-density polyethylene, birch fiber and maleic anhydride polyethylene as coupling agent were mixed and pressed to obtain test specimens. Tensile and flexural tests, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analysis and surface energy measurement were carried out. The tensile elastic modulus increased by 210% as the fiber content reached 50% by weight while the flexural modulus increased by 236%. The water droplet contact angle always exceeded 90°, meaning that the material remained hydrophobic. The thermal decomposition mass loss increased proportional with the percentage of fiber, which degraded at a lower temperature than the HDPE did. Both the storage modulus and the loss modulus increased with the proportion of fiber. Based on differential scanning calorimetry, neither the fiber proportion nor the coupling agent proportion affected the material melting temperature. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland
    • 

    corecore