La protección de la esfera individual del derecho de libertad religiosa: desafíos actuales en el derecho chileno y comparado

Resumen: Con frecuencia se recalca la importancia de proteger el derecho de libertad religiosa, pero, sin embargo, se desconoce el contenido específico de este importante derecho fundamental. En el presente artículo se exponen, de manera sintética, los derechos y libertades que conforman la dimensión individual de la libertad religiosa. Los principales ejemplos de normas positivas se refieren a la República de Chile, si bien se traen a colación algunos temas de actualidad en el contexto internacional y comparado. Palabras clave: Libertad religiosa. Derechos individuales. Derecho chileno. Derecho comparado.   Abstract: The importance of protecting the right to religious freedom is often stressed, but nonetheless, the content of this important fundamental right is sometimes unknown. This article tries to expose, in a synthetic way, the rights and freedoms that shape the individual dimension of religious freedom. The main examples of positive laws refer to the Republic of Chile, although some current issues in the international and comparative context are also mentioned. Keywords: Religious freedom. Individual rights. Chilean law. Comparative law

Diseño de una instalación de bombeo con suministro mediante energía solar fotovoltaica

[ES] El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar la bomba necesaria para cubrir las necesidades del sistema de riego de unos cultivos en la provincia de Valencia, en conjunto con el diseño de la instalación fotovoltaica aislada que le proporciona la energía. La bomba se situaría a 145 m de profundidad en un pozo y debe de ser capaz de suministrar 1250 m3/día de agua en los meses de verano. Para cumplir con estos requisitos se escoge una bomba sumergible de 110 kW, controlada por un variador de frecuencia que ajusta la velocidad de del motor en función de la potencia de entrada para obtener el máximo bombeo posible. Se utilizan seguidores en un eje horizontal para instalar los módulos fotovoltaicos de 290 W, ya que se aumentan notablemente las horas solares pico diarias de los meses de mayor demanda. En total, son necesarios 540 paneles lo que supone una potencia pico en el campo fotovoltaico de 156,6 kW. El agua bombeada se almacena en un depósito o embalse para garantizar una autonomía del sistema de hasta dos días sin radiación. Además, se utilizan baterías de plomo-ácido con el fin de compensar las reducciones a corto plazo de irradiancia originadas por nubes para poder prevenir las paradas continuas del motor.[EN] This project explores the needed pump to meet the requirements of an irrigation system of crops in the province of Valencia, coupled with the design of an off-grid photovoltaic installation which supplies the power. The pump would be located at 145 m depth in a well and should be chosen to provide 1250 m3/day of water in the summer months. To meet these requirements one submersible pump of 110 kW is selected, it is controlled by a frequency converter that adjusts the engine speed according to input power to maximize the water flow. Horizontal single axis trackers are used to install the photovoltaic modules of 290 W, since it increases significantly the daily peak sun hours in the months with greater demand. Overall, 540 solar panels are needed which implies a peak power of the photovoltaic field of 156,6 kW. The pumped water is stocked up into a tank or pool to ensure the supply for two days without radiation. Furthermore, lead-acid batteries are used to compensate the short-term irradiation decrease caused by clouds in order to avoid any stop of the engine.Sánchez Lasheras, MJ. (2019). Diseño de una instalación de bombeo con suministro mediante energía solar fotovoltaica. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/123636TFG

Reconstructing historical trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon deposition in a remote area of Spain using herbarium moss material

Herbarium mosses from 1879-1881, 1973-1975 and 2006-2007 were used to investigate the historical changes of atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a remote site located in Northern Spain. Natural abundance of nitrogen and carbon isotopes was also measured in order to assess the evolution of emissions from anthropogenic sources. Nitrogen concentrations, 13C, 13N and PAH levels were significantly higher in 19th century samples with respect to the present century samples. Moreover, PAH distribution varied over the centuries, following a tendency of light PAH enrichment. The carbon, nitrogen and PAH levels measured in the mosses tally with the historic evolution of anthropogenic emissions in the area, mainly influenced by changes of economic activities, domestic heating and road traffic density. Mosses provided by herbaria seem to offer the possibility to study long-term temporal evolution of atmospheric PAH deposition

Influence of Geographic Location in Concrete Structures

It is very important to consider the geographical location of a building at the time of making their structural test. To do this, in this study we used the known technique of structural test based on the correlation of results between Ultrasonic Velocity (V) and Pressure Resistance (R), obtained from the samples extracted in reinforced concrete structural elements. To analyze the influence of the geographical location of the structure, this paper has classified the buildings studied in terms of their distance from the coast and following the Spanish Code on Structural Concrete, is using a reference distance of 500 meters that allows ordering the cases studied according to the aforementioned distance. As a conclusion, it is safe to say that the structures closest to the coast are more influenced by the environment, which greatly influences the quality of concrete structures

Influence of Age in Concrete Structures by Means of Core Testing

The structural test based on the correlation of results between Ultrasonic Velocity (V) and Pressure Resistance (R), obtained from samples extracted in structural elements of reinforced concrete serves as a tool for understanding the quality of the concretes. To analyze the influence of age, it has been used this method of correlation, confirming the better performance of structures aged less than 20 years. For older ages, it is statistically justified the need for intervention, repair – reinforcing based on the results of the test and results of the correlation ultrasonic velocity- compression on concrete testing cores

On the dynamics of buoyant and heavy partióles in a periodic Stuart vortex flow

In this paper, we study the dynamics of small, spherical, rigid particles in a spatially periodic array of Stuart vórtices given by a steady-state solution to the two-dimensional incompressible Euler equation. In the limiting case of dominant viscous drag forces, the motion of the particles is studied analytically by using a perturbation scheme. This approach consists of the analysis of the leading-order term in the expansión of the 'particle path function' <P, which is equal to the stream function evaluated at the instantaneous particle position. It is shown that heavy particles which re-main suspended against gravity all move in a periodic asymptotic trajectory located above the vórtices, while buoyant particles may be trapped by the stable equilibrium points located within the vórtices. In addition, a linear map for <P is derived to describe the short-term evolution of particles moving near the boundary of a vortex. Next, the assumption of dominant viscous drag forces is relaxed, and linear stability analyses are carried out to investígate the equilibrium points of the five-parameter dynamical system governing the motion of the particles. The five parameters are the free-stream Reynolds number, the Stokes number, the fluid-to-particle mass density ratio, the distribution of vorticity in the flow, and a gravitational parameter. For heavy particles, the equilibrium points, when they exist, are found to be unstable. In the case of buoyant particles, a pair of stable and unstable equilibrium points exist simultaneously, and undergo a saddle-node bifurcation when a certain parameter of the dynamical system is varied. Finally, a computational study is also carried out by integrating the dynamical system numerically. It is found that the analytical and computational results are in agreement, provided the viscous drag forces are large. The computational study covers a more general regime in which the viscous drag forces are not necessarily dominant, and the effects of the various parametric inputs on the dynamics of buoyant particles are investigated

VAlor en riesgo: Estimación del riesgo en el mercado

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo principal explicar qué es el riesgo del mercado y cómo tratar de medirlo, con el fin de tomar decisiones. En concreto, se calculará el Valor de Riesgo (VaR) para tres índices bursátiles como son el Ibex35, DowJones y Nikkei 225. Se emplearán diferentes técnicas de cálculo del VaR tanto para el análisis intramuestral como extramuestral, realizando un proceso de validación entre ellas. Los modelos que mejor se ajustan para explicar el binomio rentabilidad-volatilidad típico de una serie financiera son los de la familia ARMA-GARCH, permitiendo adaptarnos a las propiedades empíricas de este tipo de series temporales como son la asimetría, la curtosis y, sobre todo, la heterocedasticidad. Por último, se calcula el VaR para diferentes niveles de confianza y se realizan distintos contrastes para comprobar su validez. Se observa que el método empírico en el análisis intramuestral y el método bootstrap en el análisis extramuestral proporcionan valores más ajustados del VaR, puesto que ambos dan mayor flexibilidad a los datos al no ajustar la distribución de los errores o noticias inesperadas del mercado.<br /

Base Case Analysis of a HYSOL Power Plant

Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are regarded as an alternative solution for electricity generation. The main drawback of this technology is related to the intermittent and seasonal nature of the solar irradiation. As a consequence, most CSP plants have a reduced capacity factor and difficulties to supply electricity on demand to the grid. The integration of energy back-up systems may contribute to increasing power generation capacity and stability. Several options are being developed at present which are based on the incorporation of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and also the use of auxiliary fuels. HYSOL is a new concept in CSP technology that relies on the integration of a molten salt TES system operating in hybrid mode with a biogas turbine with a Heat Recovery System (HRS). This paper illustrates the methodology and first results obtained during the development of the static model, considering a Base Case of HYSOL configuration. The study of this Base Case allows evaluating the impact of HYSOL technology, providing preliminary plant information and defining the required tools to be used in the project