LAND AND POPULATION ON THE INDIAN RESERVATION OF WISCONSIN: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

The historical relationship between land use and population change among Wisconsin's Indian groups has been strikingly emblematic of the larger American Indian population. The ingredients of this rich relationship include the state's natural resource base, as well as the major engines of demographic change, namely fertility, mortality, and migration. In addition, federal policies have played a critical role in mediating this relationship. These policies have figured prominently since the earliest contact between Europeans and Wisconsin Indians and have continued to exert substantial influence. This paper discusses the past, present, and future relationship between the land and the state's Indian populations, paying particular attention to reservation populations. The reciprocal relationship between land and population among Wisconsin's Indians has evolved in an environment of changing social and political forces. Hence, the paper treats these issues in a chronological manner. It begins by reviewing the early period of contact between Europeans and Indians in the area known today as Wisconsin. Then, it discusses the creation of the state of Wisconsin and various Indian reservations, as well as their implications for Indian populations in the state. Next, it discusses federal land policies of the 19th and 20th centuries, and their effects on Wisconsin reservation populations. Finally, it describes current land tenure issues and the implications of future population growth.Indian reservations -- Government policy -- Wisconsin -- History, Land use -- Wisconsin, Indians of North America -- Land tenure -- Wisconsin, Indians of North America -- Government policy -- Wisconsin, Indians of North America -- Wisconsin -- Government relations -- History, Labor and Human Capital, Land Economics/Use,

DIPLOMADO DE PROFUNDIZACION CISCO CCNP SOLUCIÓN DE DOS ESCENARIOS PRESENTES EN ENTORNOS CORPORATIVOS BAJO EL USO DE TECNOLOGÍA CISCO

En este documento se desarrollan a cabalidad las habilidades prácticas del diplomado CCNP CISCO, con el propósito fundamental de validar la opción de grado para obtener el título de Ingeniero Electrónico de la Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD. Se plasma el desarrollo de los dos (2) escenarios propuestos por la dirección del diplomado CCNP CISCO. En el escenario uno (1), enfatiza en la temática de CCNP Routers; se resalta las configuraciones ejecutadas, entre ellas están, el uso de los comandos IOS, mediante el direccionamiento IPV4 e IPV6 de los cinco (5) routers, el uso de los protocolos de enrutamiento y conmutación, ACL, EIGRP, OSPF. En el escenario dos (2), se configura e interconectan los dispositivos, mediante plataformas de conmutación de switches, se ejecutan los protocolos STP y la configuración de VLANs, se ejecuta el direccionamiento IP, etherchannel. Se realizan las simulaciones según las topologías planteadas, mediante el uso del programa Packet Tracer. Se escribe el procedimiento paso a paso de configuración, en código para cada Router o Switch en todos los puntos del documento, se evidencia la ejecución de los comandos a través de imágenes capturadas en la simulación del programa Packet Tracer. A su vez se ejecutan los comandos show ip route, show spanning-tree, show vlan, show etherchannel, con el fin de verificar el óptimo funcionamiento de las configuraciones de las topologías de redes. Palabras Clave: CISCO, CCNP, Conmutación, Enrutamiento, Redes, Electrónica.This document develops practical skills of the CCNP CISCO diploma course, with the main purpose of validate professional title option as Electronic Engineer from the National Open and Distance University UNAD. The development of two (2) scenarios proposed by the management of the CCNP CISCO diploma course are presented. First scenario, emphasizes the CCNP Routers theme, executed configurations are highlighted, between them, the use of the IOS commands, through the IPV4 and IPV6 addressing of the five (5) routers, the use of the routing and switching ACL, EIGRP and OSPF protocols. In second scenario, devices are configured and interconnected, using switch switching platforms, the STP protocols and the VLANs configuration are executed, the IP addressing and etherchannels are executed. Simulations are carried out according to the proposed topologies, using Packet Tracer program. The step-by-step configuration procedure is written, in code for each Router or Switch at every stage of the document, the command´s execution is evidenced through images captured at the simulation of the Packet Tracer program. In turn, the commands show ip route, spanning-tree, vlan, ethernetchannel are executed, in order to verify optimal function of the network topology configurations. Keywords: CISCO, CCNP, Routing, Swicthing, Networking, Electronics

Symmetry, winding number and topological charge of vortex solitons in discrete-symmetry media

We determine the functional behavior near the discrete rotational symmetry axis of discrete vortices of the nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. We show that these solutions present a central phase singularity whose charge is restricted by symmetry arguments. Consequently, we demonstrate that the existence of high-charged discrete vortices is related to the presence of other off-axis phase singularities, whose positions and charges are also restricted by symmetry arguments. To illustrate our theoretical results, we offer two numerical examples of high-charged discrete vortices in photonic crystal fibers showing hexagonal discrete rotational invariance.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure

Analysis of Alpha Activity Levels and Dependence on Meteorological Factors over a Complex Terrain in Northern Iberian Peninsula (2014–2018)

Alpha ambient concentrations in ground-level air were measured weekly in Bilbao (northern Spain) by collecting aerosols in filters between 2014 and 2018. Over this period, the alpha activity concentrations in the aerosol’s samples range from 13.9 µBq/m3 to 246.5 µBq/m3, with a mean of 66.49 ± 39.33 µBq/m3. The inter-annual and intra-annual (seasonal and monthly) variations are analyzed, with the highest activity in autumn months and the lowest one in winter months. Special attention has been paid to alpha peak concentrations (weekly concentrations above the 90th percentile) and its relationship with regional meteorological scenarios by means of air mass trajectories and local meteorological parameters. The meteorological analysis of these high alpha concentrations has revealed two airflow patterns-one from the south with land origin and one from the north with maritime origin-mainly associated with these alpha peak concentrations. Surface winds during representative periods of both airflow patterns are also analyzed in combination with 222Rn concentrations, which demonstrated the different daily evolution associated with each airflow pattern. The present results are relevant in understanding trends and meteorological factors affecting alpha activity concentrations in this area, and hence, to control potential atmospheric environmental releases and ensure the environmental and public health

Methodological proposal for systems and electricity markets management processes renewal: the colombian case

The electricity market has been developed in Colombia since 1995, has strengthened institutionally, its development has been dynamic, and also has solved different difficulties. Management systems, that support the market administration, have evolved following this development, however some of these are isolated from each other, or have been developed on different platforms making it difficult to ensure sustainability, maintenance and to incorporate changes. As referenced with other markets in the world, great dynamics is observed in incorporating information and communication technologies, regulatory developments or customer requirements. A technological renovation that preserves the acquired knowledge is required, and that allows easily incorporate the development trends of the market. This article presents the results of the proposed methodology for technological renovation framed in Colciencias CNBT 833559938649 technological research project, in management system for electric power market in Colombia, Phase I.El mercado eléctrico ha evolucionado en Colombia desde 1995, fortaleciéndose institucionalmente, dinamizando su desarrollo, y enfrentando grandes desafíos. Los sistemas de administración, que soportan el funcionamiento del mercado, han evolucionado a la par, aunque algunos se encuentran aislados entre sí o han sido desarrollados en plataformas diferentes, lo que dificulta la sostenibilidad y el mantenimiento, y reducen la facilidad de incorporar cambios. Al referenciarse con otros mercados en el mundo, se observa gran dinámica en la incorporación de tecnologías en información y comunicaciones, avances regulatorios o requerimientos de clientes. Se requiere una renovación tecnológica que conserve el conocimiento adquirido, y permita incorporar fácilmente las tendencias del mercado. Este artículo presenta los resultados de la propuesta metodológica para la renovación tecnológica enmarcada en el proyecto Colciencias CNBT 833559938649 de investigación tecnológica, Sistema para la administración del mercado de energía eléctrica en Colombia, Fase I

Analysing the performance of radiological monitoring network during nuclear accidents

JRODOS was used to simulate the dispersion of airborne radioactive material from a point source over the period 2012–2015. In total, 1331 radioactive plumes were simulated with the objective to investigate the influence of changes in meteorological conditions in the performance of the monitoring network. For this purpose, the existing set of 84 monitoring stations included in the EUropean Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP) system in an area of 200 km around the source point is taken as reference. A methodology is presented for quantitative evaluation of the variability of the number of stations affected, the time of the first detection, the maximum registered and differences between the maximum values match in the network and in the simulated plumes. The results show seasonal differences in all of these parameters according to changes in the size and shape of the affected area due to meteorological conditions. There are large differences in the number of monitoring stations affected by the plumes, from 2 to 74; in the timing and location of the first alert given by the network, from 1 to more than 5 h and faster along the west-east axis from the source; and in level of maximum gamma dose rate detected by the monitoring stations, from 0.17 nSv/h in summer to 0.22 nSv/h in autumn. These results show the need to consider this type of analysis over the years in the design of monitoring networks and in the development of nuclear emergency preparedness and response (EP&R) plans

16 Years (2006–2021) of Surface Ozone Measurements in Córdoba (Southern Spain): Trends and the Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown

Surface ozone concentrations (O3) during the period 2006–2021 are analysed at Córdoba city (southern Iberian Peninsula) in suburban and urban sampling sites. The aims are to present the levels and temporal variations, to explore trends and to quantity the variation in O3 concentrations in the context of the COVID-19 lockdown. The O3 means are higher in the suburban station (62 µg m−3 and 51.3 µg m−3), being the information level threshold only exceeded twice during this period. The daily evolution shows a maximum at about 17:00 UTC, whereas the minimum is reached at about 9:00 UTC, with higher levels in the suburban station. The seasonal evolution of this daily cycle also presents monthly differences in shape and intensity between stations. The trends are analysed by means of daily averages and daily 5th and 95th percentiles, and they show a similar increase in all of these parameters, with special emphasis on the daily P95 concentrations, with 0.27 µg m−3 year−1 and 0.24 µg m−3 year−1. Finally, the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown shows a decline in O3 concentrations over 10%

Analysis of 222Rn Surface Concentrations in the Basque Country (Spain): A Case Study of Heat Waves

The objective of this study was to characterize radon concentrations registered in the Radiological Surveillance Network of the Basque country in relation to local meteorological parameters, and to determine its behaviour under heatwave events. For this purpose, radon measurements and meteorological parameters from June 2012 to June 2015 were analysed at two sites, Bilbao and Vitoria (northern Spain), in a region characterized by complex orography, causing large temporal and spatial variability in meteorological conditions. Yearly, seasonal, and diurnal cycle differences and similarities were investigated at both sites. The temporal evolution of radon concentration was analysed at both sites during the two heatwave periods officially identified by the State Meteorological Agency (8–11 August 2012 and 17–23 August 2012). The analysis revealed two different patterns of radon concentrations, in terms of both time and intensity, under this synoptic pattern, making it also possible to identify regional transport channels of radon concentrations between the two sites. This set of results evidences the adequate position of both stations to represent the spatial and temporal evolution of radiological variables continuously in this region

Editorial

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