8 research outputs found

    Les enseignants en EPS. Premiers enseignements d’une enquĂȘte sociologique

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    National audienceLa reprĂ©sentation dominante que les professeurs d’éducation physique et sportive se font du « collectif » qu’ils forment peut ĂȘtre condensĂ©e en une formule : « des enseignants Ă  part entiĂšre, mais entiĂšrement Ă  part » (Gougeon, 1994). S’y expriment pĂȘle-mĂȘle un profond dĂ©sir d’intĂ©gration Ă  l’institution scolaire (Arnaud, 1983), le souci de l’affirmation de certains des attributs constitutifs de leur identitĂ© et de leurs ressources diffĂ©rentielles (ClĂ©ment, 1993), et, ceci expliquant sans doute en partie cela, un sentiment trĂšs ancrĂ© d’appartenir Ă  une discipline « mal-aimĂ©e », constamment menacĂ©e de dĂ©tournement au profit de forces intrusives (militaires, mĂ©dicales, sportives, Ă©conomiques, etc.) et qui ne devrait en dĂ©finitive sa survie qu’à un travail constant de mobilisation de ses reprĂ©sentants (Parlebas, 1971) . MĂȘme en laissant de cĂŽtĂ© ses accents parfois un brin misĂ©rabilistes voire paranoĂŻdes (Liotard, 1997 ; Mierzejewski, 2005), cette lecture dĂ©fensive fait obstacle Ă  l’analyse. Elle prend implicitement Ă  son compte un postulat d’emblĂ©e problĂ©matique, Ă  savoir que les enseignants en Ă©ducation physique et sportive constitueraient un groupe en soi : c’est-Ă -dire un ensemble dont les membres seraient dotĂ©s de propriĂ©tĂ©s qui les apparenteraient fonciĂšrement les uns aux autres et les distingueraient tout aussi substantiellement du reste de la population enseignante .Une enquĂȘte menĂ©e dans l’acadĂ©mie de Lille auprĂšs des enseignants du primaire et du secondaire permet d’opĂ©rer un retour sur ce qui est d’ordinaire pris pour acquis, en offrant les moyens statistiques de rapporter un Ă©chantillon d’enseignants en Ă©ducation physique et sportive Ă  une population tĂ©moin constituĂ©e d’enseignants de l’ensemble des autres disciplines, et en invitant par-lĂ  mĂȘme Ă  Ă©prouver quelques premiĂšres hypothĂšses sur ce qui les dĂ©finit socio-logiquement

    Cardiovascular Efficacy and Safety of Bococizumab in High-Risk Patients

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    Bococizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin- kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and reduces levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of bococizumab in patients at high cardiovascular risk. METHODS In two parallel, multinational trials with different entry criteria for LDL cholesterol levels, we randomly assigned the 27,438 patients in the combined trials to receive bococizumab (at a dose of 150 mg) subcutaneously every 2 weeks or placebo. The primary end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina requiring urgent revascularization, or cardiovascular death; 93% of the patients were receiving statin therapy at baseline. The trials were stopped early after the sponsor elected to discontinue the development of bococizumab owing in part to the development of high rates of antidrug antibodies, as seen in data from other studies in the program. The median follow-up was 10 months. RESULTS At 14 weeks, patients in the combined trials had a mean change from baseline in LDL cholesterol levels of -56.0% in the bococizumab group and +2.9% in the placebo group, for a between-group difference of -59.0 percentage points (P<0.001) and a median reduction from baseline of 64.2% (P<0.001). In the lower-risk, shorter-duration trial (in which the patients had a baseline LDL cholesterol level of ≄70 mg per deciliter [1.8 mmol per liter] and the median follow-up was 7 months), major cardiovascular events occurred in 173 patients each in the bococizumab group and the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.22; P = 0.94). In the higher-risk, longer-duration trial (in which the patients had a baseline LDL cholesterol level of ≄100 mg per deciliter [2.6 mmol per liter] and the median follow-up was 12 months), major cardiovascular events occurred in 179 and 224 patients, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.97; P = 0.02). The hazard ratio for the primary end point in the combined trials was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.76 to 1.02; P = 0.08). Injection-site reactions were more common in the bococizumab group than in the placebo group (10.4% vs. 1.3%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In two randomized trials comparing the PCSK9 inhibitor bococizumab with placebo, bococizumab had no benefit with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events in the trial involving lower-risk patients but did have a significant benefit in the trial involving higher-risk patients

    Cardiovascular Efficacy and Safety of Bococizumab in High-Risk Patients

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