Effect of the number of abutments on biomechanics of Branemark prosthesis with straight and tilted distal implants

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the bending moments, and compressive and tensile forces in implant-supported prostheses with three, four or five abutments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten Pd-Ag frameworks were tested over two master models with: 1) parallel vertical implants, and 2) tilted distal implants. Strain gauges were fixed on the abutments of each master model to measure the deformation when a static load of 50 N was applied on the cantilever (15 mm). The deformation values were measured when the metallic frameworks were tested over three, four or five abutments, and transformed into force and bending moment values. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons at 5% level of significance. RESULTS: Abutment #1 (adjacent to the cantilever) had the highest values of force and sagittal bending moment for all tests with three, four or five abutments. Independently from the number of abutments, axial force in abutment #1 was higher in the vertical model than in the tilted model. Total moment was higher with three abutments than with four or five abutments. Independently from the inclination of implants, the mean force with four or five abutments was lower than that with three abutments. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that in the set-ups with four or five abutments tilted distal implants reduced axial force and did not increase bending moments

Interferência e nível de dano econômico de papuã em feijoeiro em função da densidade de plantas

The study of bean sowing density and the level of economic damage (EDL) caused by alexandergrass (Urochloa plantaginea) are important tools for adequately adopting the integrated management of this weed and, thus, producing food with higher quality and less pesticide residue. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the interference and the level of the economic damage of alexandergrass in competition with the common bean, estimated as a function of sowing densities of the crop and the weed. The bean cultivar IPR Uirapuru was used. The treatments consisted of four bean densities (140,000; 180,000; 220,000 and 260,000 plants ha-1, respectively) and alexandergrass that varied from 0 to the maximum of 104 plants m-2. The experiment was installed in a Red Aluminoferric Latosol, at the experimental area of the Federal University of the Southern Border, campus Erechim/RS, on 10/31/2016. We used the rectangular hyperbola model to describe the relationship between the loss of bean grain yield and the explanatory variables of plant density (DP), soil cover (CS), leaf area (AF) and shoot dry matter (MS). Therefore, the variables CS and DP can be used instead of AF and MS to estimate grain yield losses in common beans. The density of 260,000 plants ha-1 of bean showed greater competitiveness with alexandergrass and the highest values of EDLs, justifying the adoption of weed control management at higher densities.O estudo da densidade de semeadura do feijoeiro e do nível de dano econômico (NDE) ocasionado pelo papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) são ferramentas importantes para a adoção do manejo integrado dessa planta daninha e, assim, produzir um alimento com maior qualidade e menor resíduo de agrotóxico. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a interferência e o nível de dano econômico do papuã em competição com o feijoeiro, estimados em função de densidades de semeadura da cultura e da planta daninha. Os tratamentos foram compostos por densidades do feijoeiro, cultivar IPR Uirapuru (140.000, 180.000, 220.000 e 260.000 plantas ha-1) e do papuã que variaram de 0 até o máximo de 104 plantas m-2. O experimento foi implantado em um Latossolo Vermelho Aluminoférrico típico na área experimental da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, campus Erechim/RS, em 31/10/2016. Para descrever a relação entre a perda de produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro e as variáveis explicativas; densidade de plantas (DP), cobertura do solo (CS), área foliar (AF) e massa seca da parte aérea (MS), usou-se o modelo da hipérbole retangular. As variáveis CS e DP podem ser usadas em substituição a AF e a MS para estimar as perdas de produtividades de grãos do foeijoeiro. A densidade de 260.000 plantas ha-1 do feijoeiro apresentou maior competitividade com o papuã e os maiores valores de NDEs, justificando a adoção de medidas de controle da planta daninha em densidades mais elevadas

Effect of stocking density and use of environmental enrichment materials on the welfare and the performance of pigs in the growth and finishing phases

Aim of study: To evaluate the effects of stocking density and the use of environmental enrichment (EE) objects on the welfare and the performance of pigs in the growing and finishing phases.Area of study: The southern region of Brazil.Material and methods: A total of 240 pigs, 120 immunocastrated males and 120 females, with an initial weight of 22.38 ± 2.38 kg and mean age of 65 days, were submitted to two stocking densities conditions (0.85 and 1.28 m²pig) with and without EE for 117 days. The experimental design was a 2×2×2 factorial (two categories, two densities, and two EE conditions), with six replicates. Performance variables and behavior were evaluated.Main results: For stocking density, there was a significant difference in the finishing phase from 148 to 161 days of age for the final weight (FW), average daily weight gain (ADWG), and feed conversion rate (FCR). For the EE factor, there was no difference in any of the phases or in the overall period. In the overall period, the higher availability of space improved the results of FW (140.56 kg vs 136.63 kg), ADWG (1.005 kg vs 0.974 kg), and FCR (2.05 vs 2.10). There was no effect of EE, stocking densities, or their interaction on the frequency of different behaviors of the pigs in the growth and finishing phases.Research highlights: There was no effect of interactions between enriched environments, stocking densities, and sex for animal performance and behavioral frequencies; however, differences between the factors were observed separately. The higher availability of space improved the results of FW, ADWG, and FCR

EFEITO DO GESSO AGRÍCOLA E CALCÁRIO NA PRODUTIVIDADE DE TRIGO

O trigo é a cultura mais utilizada para plantio de inverno na região sul do país, e a produção está diretamente associada à adubação, melhoramento genético, novas técnicas de plantio, insumos e novas áreas. O objetivo foi determinar os efeitos no desempenho agronômico na cultura do trigo da aplicação superficial de gesso agrícola sem incorporação em sistema de semeadura direta com e sem calcário. O experimento foi conduzido em Campos Novos, SC, em um Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico. A cultura do trigo foi implantada em sucessão a cultura da soja, sendo que os tratamentos foram aplicados antes do cultivo da soja. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, distribuídos na parcela principal (doses de gesso), e as parcelas subdivididas (com e sem calcário). As doses de gesso agrícola foram de 1.000, 2.000, 4.000 e 6.000 kg ha-1 sem incorporação. Foram avaliados os componentes de rendimento e a produtividade de grãos. A produtividade de trigo foi maior na dose de 1.000 kg ha-1 de gesso na média de com e sem aplicação de calcário (4.088 kg ha-1). A massa de grãos de 10 espigas foi maior na dose de 1.000 kg ha-1 de gesso na média de com e sem calcário e não diferiu da dose de 2.000 e 4.000 kg ha-1. O comprimento de espiga também foi maior na dose de 1.000 kg ha-1, no entanto, não diferiu da dose de 2.000 e 6.000 kg ha-1. Portanto, a aplicação do gesso agrícola na dose de 1.000 kg ha-1 8 mêses antes do plantio promoveu ganhos de produtividade na cultura do trigo, independente do uso do calcário

Interference and threshold level of Sida rhombifolia in transgenic soybean cultivars

This study aimed to assess the interference and threshold level (TL) of Sida rhombifolia, the arrowleaf sida, competing with different soybean cultivars. The treatments comprised different soybean cultivars (NS 6909, NA 5909, DM 5958, Brasmax ELITE, Brasmax LANÇA, and SYN 13561) and densities of arrowleaf sida plants per square meter (m-2) (0, 2, 3, 4, 9, 15, 16, 23, 22, and 58; 0, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 47; 0, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, and 24; 0, 1, 4, 6, 12, 18, 19, 31, 44, and 50; 0, 4, 5, 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 20, and 47; 0, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 18, 29, and 30, respectively) for each cultivar. Cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança were more competitive than DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561. The TL values varied from 0.55 to 0.95 plants m-2 for cultivars NS 6909, NA 5909, and Brasmax Lança, which exhibited greater competitiveness with arrowleaf sida. The lowest values of TL varied from 0.26 to 0.61 plants m-2 for cultivars DM 5958, Brasmax Elite, and SYN 13561, which had less competitiveness with weed

Manejo químico de plantas daninhas infestantes da cultura do trigo

Weeds compete with wheat for water, light, and nutrients, which reduces productivity and thus profits for the wheat producer. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied pre-emergence and post-emergence to control weed-infesting wheat. Two experiments were set up in randomized blocks, with four replicates. Pre-emergence herbicides used were imazethapyr + flumioxazin, pendimethalin, and flumioxazin; post-emergence herbicides used were iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron, and clodinafop, and two controls, one weeded and the other infested. The herbicides with the highest phytotoxicity for the wheat cultivar TBIO Sinuelo were the mixture of imazethapyr + flumioxazin and associated with this the use of iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron, and clodinafop. The application of imazethapyr + flumioxazin + metsulfuron resulted in the least damage to wheat physiological variables. Pre-emergence use of imazethapyr + flumioxazin and the post-emergence use of iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, and metsulfuron resulted in the best turnip control. The best ryegrass control was achieved by using pendimenthalin and flumioxazin in conjunction with clodinafop. The treatments imazethapyr + flumioxazin, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron, flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, pendimenthalin + pyroxsulam, flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + clodinafop and flumioxazin + clodinafop were the most effective treatments for black oat control. The pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron showed the best responses in both experiments, both in terms of selectivity and efficacy, for grain yield componentsLas malas hierbas compiten con el trigo por el agua, la luz y los nutrientes, lo que reduce la productividad y, por lo tanto, las ganancias del agricultor de trigo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la selectividad y efectividad de herbicidas aplicados en pre y postemergencia para el manejo de malezas de trigo. Se instalaron dos experimentos en bloques al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Los herbicidas utilizados fueron; en preemergencia, imazetapir + flumioxazina, pendimetalina y flumioxazina, y en postemergencia, iodosulfuron, piroxsulam, metsulfuron y clodinafop, y dos controles, uno desherbado y otro infestado. Los herbicidas con mayor fitotoxicidad al cultivar de trigo TBIO Sinuelo fueron la mezcla de imazetapir + flumioxazina y asociado a esto el uso de yodosulfurón, piroxsulam, metsulfurón y clodinafop. La aplicación de imazetapir + flumioxazina + metsulfuron resultó en menor daño a las variables fisiológicas del trigo. La aplicación preemergente de imazethapyr+flumioxazin y la aplicación postemergente de iodosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam y metsulfuron dieron como resultado el mejor control de nabos. El mejor control de raigrás se obtuvo con el uso de pendimenthalin y flumioxazin en asociación con clodinafop. Los tratamientos imazethapyr + flumioxazin, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron, flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, pendimenthalin + pyroxsulam, flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + clodinafop y flumioxazin + clodinaf los tratamientos más eficientes en el control fueron de avena negra. La pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron mostró las mejores respuestas en ambos experimentos, tanto en términos de selectividad como de efectividad, para los componentes del rendimiento de grano.As plantas daninhas competem com o trigo por água, luz e nutrientes, o que reduz a produtividade e, portanto, os lucros do triticultor. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade e a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pré e pós-emergência para o manejo de plantas daninhas infestante do trigo. Dois experimentos foram instalados em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os herbicidas usados foram; em pré-emergência o imazethapyr + flumioxazin, pendimethalin e flumioxazin, e em pós-emergência o iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron e clodinafop, e dois controles, um capinado e outro infestado. Os herbicidas com maior fitotoxicidade à cultivar de trigo TBIO Sinuelo foram a mistura de imazethapyr + flumioxazin e associado a essa o uso de iodosulfuron, pyroxsulam, metsulfuron e clodinafop. A aplicação de imazethapyr + flumioxazin + metsulfuron resultou em menor dano às variáveis fisiológicas do trigo. A aplicação em pré-emergência de imazethapyr+flumioxazin e em pós-emergência de iodosulfuron-methyl, pyroxsulam e metsulfuron ocasionaram o melhor controle de nabo. O melhor controle de azevém foi obtido com o uso de pendimenthalin e flumioxazin em associação com clodinafop. Os tratamentos imazethapyr + flumioxazin, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron, flumioxazin + iodosulfuron, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, pendimenthalin + pyroxsulam, flumioxazin + pyroxsulam, imazethapyr + flumioxazin + clodinafop e flumioxazin + clodinafop foram os tratamentos mais eficientes no controle de aveia preta. O pendimenthalin + iodosulfuron apresentou as melhores respostas em ambos os experimentos, tanto em termos de seletividade quanto de eficácia, para os componentes de rendimento de grãos

Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressing Msp1a of Anaplasma marginale: a vaccine candidate against bovine anaplasmosis

The vaccinal strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG was used to express Msp1a protein of Anaplasma marginale. The msp1a gene was amplified by PCR from A. marginale DNA extracted from bovine erythrocytes, cloned into pUS2000 and pMIP12 vectors, and then used to transform BCG. Mice were immunized with recombinant BCG on days 0 and 21 of the experiment. The groups were inoculated with saline solution (T1), BCG (T2), BCG/pUS2000/msp1a (T3) and BCG/pMIP12/msp1a (T4). Forty-two days post-inoculation (dpi), mice of treatment 3 and 4 developed humoral immune response against the Msp1a antigen. The ELISA showed an antibody response peak at 63 dpi. Mice of group 4 showed a higher immune response than other groups tested (P<0,001). Specific interferongamma production against Msp1a was detected in splenocytes of mice immunized with rBCG at 49 dpi, and the group 4 showed the highest level of this cytokine in ELISA. Antibodies of groups 3 and 4 were able to recognize native Msp1a from erythrocyte extract from A. marginale. The monoclonal antibody ANA22B1, specific to a Msp1a epitope, was able to recognize rMsp1a, produced by Escherichia coli and BCG. The results obtained in this study places rBCG expressing Msp1a of A. marginale as a potential vaccine candidate against bovine anaplasmosis.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESA cepa vacinal Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur foi utilizada para expressar a proteÌna Msp1a de Anaplasma marginale. O gene msp1a foi amplificado por PCR, a partir de DNA de A. marginale extraÌdo de eritrÛcitos bovinos, e clonado nos vetores pUS2000 e pMIP12, que, posteriormente foram utilizados para transformar BCG. Camundongos foram imunizados com BCG recombinante (rBCG), aos 0 e 21 dias de experimento, ficando os grupos distribuÌdos da seguinte maneira: salina (T1); BCG (T2); rBCG/pUS2000/msp1a (T3) e rBCG/pMIP12/msp1a (T4). Quarenta e dois dias apÛs a 1™ inoculaÁ„o (dpi), os camundongos dos tratamentos 3 e 4 desenvolveram resposta imune humoral contra o antÌgeno de Msp1a. Os resultados obtidos no ELISA demonstraram uma resposta de anticorpos m·xima aos 63 dpi, sendo que o grupo 4 apresentou uma resposta maior que os demais grupos testados (P<0,001). Da mesma forma, produÁ„o de interferon gama especÌfica contra Msp1a foi detectada em cÈlulas de baÁo de camundongos imunizados com rBCG aos 49 dpi, sendo que o grupo 3 apresentou maiores nÌveis dessa citocina em um ELISA. Anticorpos dos grupos T3 e T4 foram capazes de reconhecer Msp1a, na sua forma nativa, obtida de extrato de A. marginale, oriundo de eritrÛcitos de bovinos infectados com a riquÈtsia. Da mesma forma, o anticorpo monoclonal ANA22B1, especÌfico para um epitopo de Msp1a, foi capaz de reconhecer rMsp1a, produzida por Escherichia coli e Mycobacterium bovis BCG Pasteur. Apesar de n„o terem sido realizados testes em bovinos com essa vacina recombinante, rBCG, expressando Msp1a de A marginale constitui-se numa potencial estratÈgia de imunizaÁ„o contra anaplasmose bovina, motivando a continuidade dos estudos