Nanoporous Carbon Synthesis: An Old Story with Exciting New Chapters

Activated carbons are key materials in technological applications of multidisciplinary fields (e.g. adsorption, separation, and catalytic processes). The extensive use of these materials results from the combination of a well-developed pore network (micropores or micro + mesopores) along with the presence of heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur). The large scale production of nanoporous carbons is a well-established process since the first patents date from the beginning of the twentieth century. Conventional activation methodologies are divided between physical, using steam or CO2, and chemical, being KOH, ZnCl2, and H3PO4 the most commonly reported oxidizing agents. Due to the panoply of operational parameters that can be changed or added in the production of activated carbons, there is still room for R&D. In this chapter, both conventional and innovative synthetic processes are reviewed to offer an up-to-date picture regarding raw materials, carbonization step, activation process, and other approaches. Conventional activation of gels and chars obtained by novel approaches (i.e. sol-gel method, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and acid-mediated carbonization) and more innovative strategies (i.e. variations of HTC process, carbonization of organic salts and ionothermal approaches) are addressed. Textural, surface chemistry and morphological properties of the derived porous carbons were reviewed and critically rationalized

Development of high-resolution L4 ocean wind products

[eng] Heat, moisture, gas, and momentum exchanges at the oceanic and atmospheric interface modulate, inter alia, the Earth’s heat and carbon budgets, global circulation, and dynamical modes. Sea surface winds are fundamental to these exchanges and, as such, play a major role in the evolution and dynamics of the Earth’s climate. For ocean and atmospheric modeling purposes, and for their coupling, accurate sea-surface winds are therefore crucial to properly estimate these turbulent fluxes. Over the last decades, as numerical models became more sophisticated, the requirements for higher temporal and spatial resolution ocean forcing products grew. Sea surface winds from numerical weather prediction (NWP) models provide a convenient temporal and spatial coverage to force ocean models, and for that they are extensively used, e.g., the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) latest reanalysis, ERA5, with ubiquitous hourly estimates of sea-surface wind available globally on a 30-km spatial grid. However, local systematic errors have been reported in global NWP fields using collocated scatterometer observations as reference. These rather persistent errors are associated with physical processes that are absent or misrepresented by the NWP models, e.g., strong current effects like the Western Boundary Current Systems (highly stationary), wind effects as- sociated with the oceanic mesoscale (sea surface temperature gradients), coastal effects (land see breezes, katabatic winds), Planetary Boundary Layer parameterization errors, and large-scale circulation effects, such as those associated with moist convection areas. In contrast, the ocean surface vector wind or wind stress derived from scatterometers, although intrinsically limited by temporal and spatial sampling, exhibits considerable spatial detail and accuracy. The latter has an effective resolution of 25 km while that of NWP models is of 150 km. Consequently, the biases between the two mostly represent the physical processes unresolved by NWP models. In this thesis, a high-resolution ocean surface wind forcing, the so-called ERAú, that combines the strengths of both the scatterometer observations and of the atmospheric model wind fields is created using a scatterometer-based local NWP wind vector model bias correction. ERAú stress equivalent wind (U10S) is generated by means of a geolocated scatterometer-based correction applied separately to two different ECMWF reanalyses, the nowadays obsolete ERA-interim (ERAi) and the most recent ERA5. Several ERAú configurations using complementary scatterometer data accumulated over different temporal windows (TW) are generated and verified against independent wind sources (scatterometer and moored buoys), through statistical and spectral analysis of spatial structures. The newly developed method successfully corrects for local wind vector biases in the reanalysis output, particularly in open ocean regions, by introducing the oceanic mesoscales captured by the scatterometers into the ERAi/ERA5 NWP reanalyses. However, the effectiveness of the method is intrinsically dependent on regional scatterometer sampling, wind variability and local bias persistence. The optimal ERAú uses multiple complementary scatterometers and a 3-day TW. Bias patterns are the same for ERAi and ERA5 SC to the reanalyses, though the latter shows smaller bias amplitudes and hence smaller error variance reduction differences in verification (up to 8% globally). However, because of ERA5 being more accurate than ERAi, ERAú derived from ERA5 turns out to be the highest quality product. ERAú ocean forcing does not enhance the sensitivity in global circulation models to highly localized transient events, however it improves large-scale ocean simulations, where large- scale corrections are relevant. Besides ocean forcing studies, the developed methodology can be further applied to improve scatterometer wind data assimilation by accounting for the persistent model biases. In addition, since the biases can be associated with misrepresented processes and parmeterizations, empirical predictors of these biases can be developed for use in forecasting and to improve the dynamical closure and parameterizations in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.[spa] Los vientos de la superficie del mar son fundamentales para estimar los flujos de calor y momento en la interfaz oceánica-atmosfera, ocupando un papel importante en la evolución y la dinámica del clima del planeta. Por tanto, en modelación (oceánica y atmosférica), vientos de calidad son cruciales para estimar adecuadamente estos flujos turbulentos. Vientos de la superficie del mar de salidas de modelos de predicción numérica del tiempo (NWP) proporcionan una cobertura temporal y espacial conveniente para forzar los modelos oceánicos, y todavía se utilizan ampliamente. Sin embargo, se han documentado errores sistemáticos locales en campos de NWP globales utilizando observaciones de dispersómetros co-ubicados como referencia (asociados con procesos físicos que ausentes o mal representados por los modelos). Al contrario, el viento de la superficie del mar derivado de los dispersómetros, aunque intrínsecamente limitado por el muestreo temporal y espacial, presenta una precisión y un detalle espacial considerables. Consecuentemente, los sesgos entre los dos representan principalmente los procesos físicos no resueltos por los modelos NWP. En esta tesis, se crea un producto de forzamiento del viento en la superficie del océano de alta resolución, el ERAú. ERAú se genera con una corrección media basada en diferencias geolocalizadas entre dispersometro y modelo, aplicadas por separado a dos reanálisis diferentes, el ERA-interim (ERAi) y el ERA5. Varias configuraciones de ERAú utilizando datos de dispersómetros complementarios acumulados en diferentes ventanas tempo- rales (TW) se generan y validan frente a datos de viento independientes, a través de análisis estadísticos y espectrales de estructuras espaciales. El método corrige con éxito los sesgos del vector de viento local de la reanálisis. Sin embargo, su eficacia depende del muestreo del dispersómetro regional, la variabilidad del viento y la persistencia del sesgo local. El ERAú óptimo utiliza múltiples dispersómetros complementarios y un TW de 3 días. Las dos reanálisis muestran los mismos patrones de sesgo en la SC, debido a que ERA5 es más preciso que ERAi, ERAú derivado de ERA5 es el producto de mayor calidad. El forzamiento oceánico ERAú mejora las simulaciones oceánicas a gran escala, donde las correcciones a gran escala son relevantes

ERAstar: A high-resolution ocean forcing product

© 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other worksTo address the growing demand for accurate high-resolution ocean wind forcing from the ocean modeling community, we develop a new forcing product, ERA*, by means of a geolocated scatterometer-based correction applied to the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis or ERA-interim (hereafter referred to as ERAi). This method successfully corrects for local wind vector biases present in the ERAi output globally. Several configurations of the ERA* are tested using complementary scatterometer data [advanced scatterometer (ASCAT)-A/B and oceansat-2 scatterometer (OSCAT)] accumulated over different temporal windows, verified against independent scatterometer data [HY-2A scatterometer (HSCAT)], and evaluated through spectral analysis to assess the geophysical consistency of the new stress equivalent wind fields (U10S). Due to the high quality of the scatterometer U10S, ERA* contains some of the physical processes missing or misrepresented in ERAi. Although the method is highly dependent on sampling, it shows potential, notably in the tropics. Short temporal windows are preferred, to avoid oversmoothing of the U10S fields. Thus, corrections based on increased scatterometer sampling (use of multiple scatterometers) are required to capture the detailed forcing errors. When verified against HSCAT, the ERA* configurations based on multiple scatterometers reduce the vector root-mean-square difference about 10% with respect to that of ERAi. ERA* also shows a significant increase in small-scale true wind variability, observed in the U10S spectral slopes. In particular, the ERA* spectral slopes consistently lay between those of HSCAT and ERAi, but closer to HSCAT, suggesting that ERA* effectively adds spatial scales of about 50 km, substantially smaller than those resolved by global numerical weather prediction (NWP) output over the open ocean (about 150 km).Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The first report of South American edrioasteroids and the paleoecology and ontogeny of rhenopyrgid echinoderms

A new species of rhenopyrgid edrioasteroid Rhenopyrgus piojoensis sp. nov. is described form the Silurian (Lower Lud− low) Los Espejos Formation in the Precordillera of Argentina. This species is the first reported edrioasteroid from South America. Rhenopyrgids are widely distributed in Ordovician through Devonian deposits of most continents. Numerous juvenile specimens show that the general bodyplan is organized early in ontogeny and that the pedenculate zone lengthens with age. Phylogenetic analysis shows that rhenopyrgids are more closely related to edrioasterid edrioasteroids such as edrioblastoids and cyathocystids than to pyrgocystid isorophids.Fil: Sumrall, Colin D.. University of Tennessee; Estados UnidosFil: Heredia, Susana Emma. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez, Cecilia María. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mestre García, Ana Isabel. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Software Radio para antenas inteligentes en comunicaciones personales multistandard

Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Parenting: Psychometric analysis of two studies in Spanish population

Los estilos de crianza van marcando el ritmo y la calidad de las relaciones entre padres e hijos, así como las prácticas de crianza. Este trabajo analiza los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio del cuestionario Child Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI; Schaefer, 1965) realizado en dos estudios en población española. El estudio contempla la tipología y estilos de crianza, teniendo presente a ambos progenitores de forma diferenciada. En el primer estudio han participado 762 adolescentes de 12-17 años (M=13,69 y DT= 1,40; 52,7% varones). En el segundo estudio han participado 824 niños y niñas de 8-11 años (M=9,28 y DT= 1,34; 47,8% varones). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio muestran un modelo de cuatro factores referidos a Apoyo y comunicación, Control psicológico negativo, Permisividad y Negligencia, tanto para la madre como para el padre. Los índices de ajuste se sitúan dentro de los límites establecidos para considerar que se trata de un cuestionario adecuado para evaluar los estilos de crianza en la infancia y adolescencia en población española.Parenting styles set the pace and quality of parent-child relationships and parenting practices. This empirical research consisted of three studies based on the Child Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI; Schaefer, 1965) and was conducted in Spain. The analysis checks the typology and styles of parenting, bearing in mind both parents in a differentiated way. The first study involved 762 adolescents of 12-17 years (mean age=13.69 y SD= 1.40; 52.7% boys). A total of 824 children of 8-11 years participated in the second study (mean age=9.28 y SD= 1.34; 47.8% boys). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses show a four-factor model: Support and communications, Negative psychological control, Permissiveness, and Negligence, for both the mother and the father, which determine parenting from the children’s perception. The fit indexes are within the established limits to consider this an appropriate questionnaire to assess parenting styles in childhood and adolescence in Spanish populations

Upper Ordovician cryptostomatid bryozoans and microfossils from the Don Braulio Formation, Eastern Precordillera, Argentina

En la clásica sección de la Quebrada de Don Braulio, en la Precordillera Oriental de la Provincia de San Juan, afora la Formación Don Braulio de edad hirnantiana. Fragmentos de colonias de Bryozoos,algunas espículas de esponjas mal conservadas y una placa de crinoideos, fueron recuperados de los sedimentos silicoclásticos de esta formación. Los restos de las colonias de briozoos se caracterizan por su hábito de crecimiento erecto, su diámetro pequeño y por la presencia de estriaciones longitudinales. Estos fragmentos tienen una pobre preservación, sin embrago los mismos han sido comparados con el género Nematopora perteneciente a la familia Arthrostylidae (suborden Rhobdomesina, orden Cryptostomata), que tuvo numerosos representantes durante el Ordovícico. Escasas y fragmentadas espículas de esponja hexactinéllidas y otros tipos de microfósiles también han sido recuperados de los depósitos post-glaciales de la Formación Don Braulio.In the classical section of the Don Braulio Creek at the Villicum Range, Eastern Precordillera of San Juan Province, crops out the siliciclastic Don Braulio Formation of Hirnantian age. Fragments of bryozoan colonies, few poorly preserved sponge spicules and a crinoidal plate, were recovered from these shelf sedi-ments. The bryozoan colonies remains are characterized by its erect growth habit, its small diameter, and for showing clear longitudinal striations. These fragments have a poor preservation, but they have been compared with the genus Nematopora belonging to the Arthrostylidae family (Rhobdomesina suborder, Cryptostomata order), that had numerous representatives during the Ordovician. Very scarce and highly fragmented sponge spicules are classifed as hexactins. These microfossils have been recovered in the post-glacial deposits from the Don Braulio section at the Villicum range.Fil: Jiménez Sánchez, Andrea. University of West Bohemia; República ChecaFil: Beresi, Matilde Sylvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Mestre García, Ana Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; ArgentinaFil: Heredia, Susana Emma. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ingeniería. Instituto de Investigaciones Mineras; Argentin

A Scientometric Analysis to Study the Trends on Nuclear Weapons-Related Research

Dissertation presented as the partial requirement for obtaining a Master's degree in Data Science and Advanced Analytics, specialization in Business AnalyticsFrom their very first use in the Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the World War II, nuclear weapons became a serious threat to humanity and the world. Over the years, many protests and treatises have been developed to promote disarmament and non-proliferation of these weapons. Scientometrics is defined as a branch of the general “science of science” that covers quantitative methods to analyze research process. Although research on nuclear weapons is increasing rapidly, there has been little use of scientometric approaches on the referred topic. Within this framework, this study seeks to address the global trends on 5038 nuclear weapons-related articles from 1946 to 2021, extracted from the Web of Science(WoS) Core Collection database and complemented with data obtained through Scopus APIs, by drawing on scientometric analysis and methods. The analysis was performed on a main authors’ level and their affiliation at the time of publication of the article. The study of the worldwide patterns of academic literature related to nuclear weapons can assist researchers of various knowledge areas in identifying the main trends in the field and possibly deepen the study of some of them. In particular, the findings identify 1990 as the year when the production of scientific literature on nuclear weapons begins to grow more, the United States as the most contributing country in the field, Social Sciences as the most popular category, as well as provide other useful insights on the quantity, quality, and impact of research “elements” like authors, affiliations, sources, and keywords

Estilos parentales: análisis psicométrico de dos estudios en población española

Parenting styles set the pace and quality of parent-child relationships and parenting practices. This empirical research consisted of three studies based on the Child Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI; Schaefer, 1965) and was conducted in Spain. The analysis checks the typology and styles of parenting, bearing in mind both parents in a differentiated way. The first study involved 762 adolescents of 12-17 years (mean age=13.69 y SD=1.40; 52.7% boys). A total of 824 children of 8-11 years participated in the second study (mean age= 9.28 y SD= 1.34; 47.8% boys). The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses show a four-factor model: Support and communications, Negative psychological control, Permissiveness, and Negligence, for both the mother and the father, which determine parenting from the children’s perception. The fit indexes are within the established limits to consider this an appropriate questionnaire to assess parenting styles in childhood and adolescence in Spanish populations.Los estilos de crianza van marcando el ritmo y la calidad de las relaciones entre padres e hijos, así como las prácticas de crianza. Este trabajo analiza los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio del cuestionario Child Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (CRPBI; Schaefer, 1965) realizado en dos estudios en población española. El estudio contempla la tipología y estilos de crianza, teniendo presente a ambos progenitores de forma diferenciada. En el primer estudio han participado 762 adolescentes de 12 a 17 años (M= 13,69 y DT= 1,40; 52,7% varones). En el segundo estudio han participado 824 niños y niñas de 8 a 11 años (M= 9,28 y DT= 1,34; 47,8% varones). Los resultados de los análisis factoriales exploratorio y confirmatorio muestran un modelo de cuatro factores referidos a Apoyo y comunicación, Control psicológico negativo, Permisividad y Negligencia, tanto para la madre como para el padre. Los índices de ajuste se sitúan dentro de los límites establecidos para considerar que se trata de un cuestionario adecuado para evaluar los estilos de crianza en la infancia y adolescencia en población española